Application of Explosive Equivalency Approach in Blast-Induced Seismic Effect Prediction Using EXPLO5 Thermochemical Code
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Thermochemical Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- The results have shown that the equivalency approach is a potential tool in the assessment of the blast-induced seismic effect. It is especially useful in the situation when the type of explosive is changed within a single project;
- (b)
- It was demonstrated that the best results are obtained when the equivalent weight of the studied explosive is calculated as a ratio of detonation velocities of studied and reference explosives;
- (c)
- Analysis of experimental results has shown that the measurement uncertainty is quite high. This may be attributed to the fact that the weight of the explosives used in the tests was too small (15–75 g). To validate the approach, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of experimental measurements, which can be achieved by using larger samples, including the amounts required for mass blasting at open pits;
- (d)
- The advantage of the approach is that EMEe is determined using detonation velocity, the parameter that is relatively easy to measure experimentally;
- (e)
- Experimental PPV-SD data in this study are analyzed using Blastware 10.74 (Instantel application) and Curve Expert 1.4, however, any other software capable of performing regression analysis may be used.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diabase Rock | ||
---|---|---|
Compressive strength | 200–400 | MPa |
Density | 2.85–3.15 | g/cm3 |
Water absorption | 0.2–1 | % mass |
Spatial mass | 2.8–3.1 | g/cm3 |
Porosity | 0.1–1 | % volume |
Explosive | Volume Ratio (%) | Density (g/cm3) | Dexpt. * (m/s) | Calculated Detonation Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D (m/s) | pCJ (GPa) | Q (kJ/kg) | E0 (kJ/cm3) | T (K) | ||||
Emulsion explosive (EME) | 100 | 1.175 | 5534 | 5559 | 8.03 | 2779.78 | 3.68 | 2217 |
EMM/EPS (50/50) | 50/50 | 0.627 | 3051 | 3413 | 2.16 | 2645.42 | 1.91 | 2261 |
EMM/EPS (40/60) | 40/60 | 0.437 | 2491 | 2785 | 1.06 | 2469.27 | 1.26 | 2138 |
EMM/EPS (30/70) | 30/70 | 0.302 | 2089 | 2399 | 0.59 | 2284.85 | 0.81 | 2012 |
EMM/EPS (20/80) | 20/80 | 0.218 | 1710 | 2137 | 0.36 | 1974.69 | 0.52 | 1804 |
Explosive | Density (g/cm3) | EME Equivalent (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equation (4) | Equation (5) | Equation (6) | Equation (7) | Equation (8) | ||
Emulsion explosive (EME) | 1.175 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
EMM/EPS (50/50) | 0.627 | 95.17 | 98.46 | 96.98 | 26.87 | 61.39 |
EMM/EPS (40/60) | 0.437 | 88.83 | 92.95 | 91.94 | 13.19 | 50.10 |
EMM/EPS (30/70) | 0.302 | 82.20 | 87.24 | 85.89 | 7.33 | 43.16 |
EMM/EPS (20/80) | 0.218 | 71.04 | 76.61 | 75.83 | 4.44 | 38.45 |
Explosive | W (g) | R (m) | SD (m/kg0.5) | PPV (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EME | 73.24 | 2 | 7.390 | 33.3 |
4 | 14.780 | 26.3 | ||
6 | 22.171 | 21.8 | ||
72.36 | 2 | 7.435 | 27.3 | |
4 | 14.870 | 21.7 | ||
6 | 22.305 | 8.25 | ||
73.11 | 2 | 7.397 | 39.6 | |
4 | 14.794 | 28.6 | ||
6 | 22.190 | 6.98 | ||
73.18 | 2 | 7.393 | 44.8 | |
4 | 14.786 | 13.3 | ||
6 | 22.180 | 6.22 |
Explosive | EMEe/100 (Equation (8)) | Experimental Data | Calculated Equivalent Weight and Scaled Distance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W (g) | R (m) | PPV (mm/s) | SD(W, R) (m/kg0.5) | We (g) | SD(We, R) (m/kg0.5) | ||
EMM/EPS-50/50 | 0.614 | 42.40 | 2 | 21 | 9.713 | 26.03 | 12.395 |
0.614 | 42.40 | 4 | 7.75 | 19.426 | 26.03 | 24.791 | |
0.614 | 42.40 | 6 | 8.38 | 29.139 | 26.03 | 37.186 | |
0.614 | 42.54 | 2 | 15 | 9.697 | 26.12 | 12.375 | |
0.614 | 42.54 | 4 | 16.4 | 19.394 | 26.12 | 24.750 | |
0.614 | 42.54 | 6 | 6.22 | 29.091 | 26.12 | 37.125 | |
EMM/EPS-40/60 | 0.501 | 33.79 | 2 | 17.9 | 10.880 | 16.93 | 15.372 |
0.501 | 33.79 | 4 | 7.75 | 21.760 | 16.93 | 30.743 | |
0.501 | 33.79 | 6 | 3.94 | 32.641 | 16.93 | 46.115 | |
0.501 | 33.79 | 2 | 16.8 | 10.880 | 16.93 | 15.372 | |
0.501 | 33.79 | 4 | 5.21 | 21.760 | 16.93 | 30.743 | |
0.501 | 33.79 | 6 | 4.83 | 32.641 | 16.93 | 46.115 | |
0.501 | 33.81 | 2 | 12.3 | 10.877 | 16.94 | 15.367 | |
0.501 | 33.81 | 4 | 6.98 | 21.754 | 16.94 | 30.734 | |
0.501 | 33.81 | 6 | 3.81 | 32.631 | 16.94 | 46.101 | |
0.501 | 33.51 | 2 | 15.7 | 10.926 | 16.79 | 15.436 | |
0.501 | 33.51 | 4 | 2.41 | 21.851 | 16.79 | 30.871 | |
0.501 | 33.51 | 6 | 4.32 | 32.777 | 16.79 | 46.307 | |
EMM/EPS-30/70 | 0.432 | 23.64 | 2 | 14.7 | 13.008 | 10.21 | 19.791 |
0.432 | 23.64 | 4 | 6.73 | 26.016 | 10.21 | 39.582 | |
0.432 | 23.64 | 6 | 3.3 | 39.024 | 10.21 | 59.373 | |
0.432 | 23.65 | 2 | 4.57 | 13.005 | 10.22 | 19.787 | |
0.432 | 23.65 | 4 | 7.24 | 26.010 | 10.22 | 39.573 | |
0.432 | 23.65 | 6 | 4.57 | 39.015 | 10.22 | 59.360 | |
0.432 | 23.72 | 2 | 18.4 | 12.986 | 10.25 | 19.757 | |
0.432 | 23.72 | 4 | 3.94 | 25.972 | 10.25 | 39.515 | |
0.432 | 23.72 | 6 | 2.67 | 38.958 | 10.25 | 59.272 | |
0.432 | 23.20 | 2 | 9.65 | 13.131 | 10.02 | 19.978 | |
0.432 | 23.20 | 4 | 3.05 | 26.261 | 10.02 | 39.955 | |
0.432 | 23.20 | 6 | 3.81 | 39.392 | 10.02 | 59.933 | |
EMM/EPS-20/80 | 0.385 | 15.23 | 2 | 4.7 | 16.206 | 5.86 | 26.119 |
0.385 | 15.23 | 4 | 2.92 | 32.412 | 5.86 | 52.237 | |
0.385 | 15.23 | 6 | 4.32 | 48.618 | 5.86 | 78.356 | |
0.385 | 15.64 | 2 | 6.48 | 15.992 | 6.02 | 25.774 | |
0.385 | 15.64 | 4 | 3.94 | 31.985 | 6.02 | 51.548 | |
0.385 | 15.64 | 6 | 2.54 | 47.977 | 6.02 | 77.322 | |
0.385 | 15.84 | 2 | 5.59 | 15.891 | 6.10 | 25.611 | |
0.385 | 15.84 | 4 | 3.3 | 31.782 | 6.10 | 51.221 | |
0.385 | 15.84 | 6 | 1.9 | 47.673 | 6.10 | 76.832 | |
0.385 | 15.67 | 2 | 10.9 | 15.977 | 6.03 | 25.749 | |
0.385 | 15.67 | 4 | 3.56 | 31.954 | 6.03 | 51.499 | |
0.385 | 15.67 | 6 | 1.9 | 47.931 | 6.03 | 77.248 |
Line | Type of Structure | Vibration at the Foundation at a Frequency of | Vibration at Horizontal Plane of Highest Floor at All Frequencies | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Hz to 10 Hz | 10 Hz to 50 Hz | 50 Hz to 100 Hz *) | |||
1 | Buildings used for commercial purposes, industrial buildings, and buildings of similar design | 20 mm/s | 20–40 mm/s | 40–50 mm/s | 40 mm/s |
2 | Dwellings and buildings of similar design and/or occupancy | 5 mm/s | 5–15 mm/s | 15–20 mm/s | 15 mm/s |
3 | Structures that, because of their particular sensitivity to vibration, cannot be classified under lines 1 and 2 and are of great intrinsic value (e.g., listed buildings under preservation order) | 3 mm/s | 3–8 mm/s | 8–10 mm/s | 8 mm/s |
Explosive | Best-Fit Line Equation | SD (PPV = 20 mm/s) (m/kg1/2) |
---|---|---|
EME | σ = 7.306 mm/s, r = 0.8357 | 13.07 |
EMM/EPS (50/50) | σ = 3.929 mm/s, r = 0.8014 | 8.65 |
EMM/EPS (40/60) | σ = 7.306 mm/s, r = 0.9439 | 8.40 |
EMM/EPS (30/70) | σ = 3.504 mm/s, r = 0.7448 | 6.76 |
EMM/EPS (20/80) | σ = 1.65 mm/s, r = 0.7751 | 4.46 |
R (m) | EME | EMM/EPS (50/50) | EMM/EPS (40/60) | EMM/EPS (30/70) | EMM/EPS (20/80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WEP (g) | Wfit (g) | WEP (g) | Wfit (g) | WEP (g) | Wfit (g) | WEP (g) | Wfit (g) | WEP (g) | Wfit (g) | |
1 | 5.85 | 5.85 | 9.54 | 13.36 | 11.68 | 14.17 | 13.56 | 21.88 | 15.22 | 50.27 |
2 | 23.42 | 23.42 | 38.14 | 53.46 | 46.74 | 56.69 | 54.25 | 87.53 | 60.90 | 201.09 |
3 | 52.69 | 52.69 | 85.82 | 120.28 | 105.16 | 127.55 | 122.07 | 196.95 | 137.02 | 452.45 |
4 | 93.66 | 93.66 | 152.57 | 213.84 | 186.95 | 226.76 | 217.01 | 350.13 | 243.60 | 804.36 |
5 | 146.35 | 146.35 | 238.39 | 334.12 | 292.11 | 354.31 | 339.08 | 547.07 | 380.62 | 1256.81 |
6 | 210.74 | 210.74 | 343.28 | 481.14 | 420.64 | 510.20 | 488.28 | 787.79 | 548.09 | 1809.81 |
7 | 286.84 | 286.84 | 467.25 | 654.88 | 572.54 | 694.44 | 664.60 | 1072.27 | 746.02 | 2463.35 |
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Stanković, S.; Olivani, J.; Dobrilović, I.; Sućeska, M. Application of Explosive Equivalency Approach in Blast-Induced Seismic Effect Prediction Using EXPLO5 Thermochemical Code. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7408. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167408
Stanković S, Olivani J, Dobrilović I, Sućeska M. Application of Explosive Equivalency Approach in Blast-Induced Seismic Effect Prediction Using EXPLO5 Thermochemical Code. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7408. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167408
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanković, Siniša, Josip Olivani, Ivana Dobrilović, and Muhamed Sućeska. 2024. "Application of Explosive Equivalency Approach in Blast-Induced Seismic Effect Prediction Using EXPLO5 Thermochemical Code" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7408. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167408