Numerical Analysis of Flood Invasion Path and Mass Flow Rate in Subway Stations under Heavy Rainfall Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Construction of Numerical Calculation Model
2.1. Turbulence Mathematical Model and VOF Model
2.2. Construction of Numerical Models for Subway Stations
2.3. Model Meshing and Boundary Condition Setting
3. Simulation of Water Intrusion into Subway Station Operating Conditions
3.1. Analysis of Flood Invasion Situation
3.2. Trend of Mass Flow Rate Changes
3.3. Total Water Accumulation and Drainage in Subway Stations
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The manner in which floodwater ingress occurs into subway stations remains consistent regardless of the varying flood heights. In the majority of cases, floodwater enters the subway via the entrance, flows through the station hall level, descends via staircases to the platform level, and eventually reaches the tunnels. Irrespective of the internal configuration of the station, the floodwater is subject to the force of gravity and continues to spread in a downward direction from the entrance of the metro station.
- (2)
- As flood levels outside the station rise, the speed and extent of floodwater ingress into the subway station increase in parallel. This results in a greater extent of inundation and an increase in the volume of water accumulating within the station. As the height of the floodwater outside the subway station increases, so too does the volume of water accumulating within the station.
- (3)
- When the flood elevation intruding into a subway station is uniformly constant, the mass flow rate of flood water entering the station varies with time and has the following pattern. It can be demonstrated that for a specific duration, the mass flow rate of floodwater into the tunnel increases in a linear fashion over time. Prior to this, the rate of increase in floodwater mass flow into the tunnel is observed to accelerate. Subsequently, the rate of increase stabilises and becomes constant.
- (4)
- The present study is limited in several respects, which suggest avenues for future research. The article does not consider the drainage capacity of the station itself. In practice, the station’s infrastructure is capable of accommodating a proportion of the water. Additionally, the actual floodwater levels at the entrance are subject to fluctuations due to external factors such as precipitation and runoff, which were not accounted for in this study. Furthermore, the accumulation of sediment at the flood bottom has the potential to impact the pumping rates, a factor that was not addressed in this study.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Number | Number of Grid Cells (×106) | Mass Flow Rate at Tunnel Exit (kg/s) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0.2 | 98.26 |
2 | 0.4 | 65.32 |
3 | 0.9 | 60.13 |
4 | 1.4 | 59.01 |
5 | 1.7 | 57.99 |
6 | 2.4 | 57.35 |
7 | 2.8 | 56.30 |
8 | 3.3 | 56.37 |
Highest Water Level Information | Water Level/Elevation (m) |
---|---|
The most unfavourable water level within the station section with a 100-year return period | 76.40 |
Station entrance ground elevation | 73.50 |
Highest water level | 2.90 |
Condition Number | Depth of Water |
---|---|
Condition 1 | 1500 mm |
Condition 2 | 2000 mm |
Condition 3 | 2450 mm |
Depth of Water/mm | Flood Accumulations Within the Station/m3 |
---|---|
1500 | 9301 |
2000 | 11,779 |
2450 | 15,239 |
(a) Drainage Situation of 1500 mm Flood Invading Subway Stations | ||
Option | Water Pump/set | Pumping Time/h |
Option 1 | 1 | 13.3 |
Option 2 | 2 | 6.7 |
Option 3 | 3 | 4.5 |
Option 4 | 4 | 3.4 |
(b) Drainage Situation of 2000 mm Flood Invading Subway Stations | ||
Option | Water Pump/set | Pumping Time/h |
Option 1 | 1 | 16.9 |
Option 2 | 2 | 8.5 |
Option 3 | 3 | 5.6 |
Option 4 | 4 | 4.2 |
(c) Drainage Situation of 2450 mm Flood Invading Subway Stations | ||
Option | Water Pump/set | Pumping Time/h |
Option 1 | 1 | 14.9 |
Option 2 | 2 | 7.5 |
Option 3 | 3 | 5.0 |
Option 4 | 4 | 3.7 |
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Lu, J.; Lin, Z.; Lin, H. Numerical Analysis of Flood Invasion Path and Mass Flow Rate in Subway Stations under Heavy Rainfall Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7497. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177497
Lu J, Lin Z, Lin H. Numerical Analysis of Flood Invasion Path and Mass Flow Rate in Subway Stations under Heavy Rainfall Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7497. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177497
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Jia, Zhiyu Lin, and Hang Lin. 2024. "Numerical Analysis of Flood Invasion Path and Mass Flow Rate in Subway Stations under Heavy Rainfall Conditions" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7497. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177497