Innovative Energy Sustainable Solutions for Urban Infrastructure: Implementing Micro-Pumped Hydro Storage in Singapore’s Multi-Level Carparks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Sustainability
1.3. Objectives
1.4. Singapore Green Plan
2. Different Types of Hydroelectric Turbines
2.1. Francis Turbine
2.2. Turgo Turbine
2.3. Pelton Turbine
2.4. Kaplan Turbine
3. Energy Storage
3.1. Battery
3.2. Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
3.3. PHES in Urban Settings
4. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Comparison between Batteries and PHES
4.1. LCA of Batteries
4.2. LCA of PHES
5. Methodology
- Suitability for the Application. The choice of the Turgo turbine was based on its specific suitability for the given flow rate and head conditions. Turgo turbines are well-suited for moderate- to high-head applications with relatively low flow rates, which aligns with the parameters of this study. Fixed Pitch Propeller and Crossflow turbines, on the other hand, might be less effective for the specific conditions of the multi-level carpark setup.
- Efficiency and Performance. We found that the Turgo turbine offered superior efficiency and power output compared to Fixed Pitch Propeller and Crossflow turbines for our study’s parameters. Turgo turbines are known for their high efficiency in converting water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy, particularly in the flow conditions described.
- Design Constraints and Practicality. Our proposed work’s design constraints, such as the floor load capacity and spatial limitations within the carpark, could have influenced the choice of turbine. Turgo turbines might have been more practical and feasible within these constraints compared to the other turbine types.
Water Storage Capacity
6. Calculations
- Francis turbine;
- Turgo turbine;
- Kaplan turbine;
- Pelton turbine.
Selection of Hydroelectric Pump
- Capacity (m3/h): This represents the volume of liquid the pump can deliver per hour.
- Total Dynamic Head (m): This is the total pressure the pump can overcome, including static head (due to elevation) and friction head (due to pipe resistance).
- Frequency (Hz): The electrical frequency (60 Hz in this case) affects the pump’s operating speed.
- Speed (rpm): The rotational speed of the pump, which is 3450 rpm in this case.
- Efficiency: While not explicitly shown, the pump’s efficiency would generally peak at a specific operating point. This is where the pump delivers the most output power relative to the input power.
- NPSH Requirements: The Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) required for the pump is not provided. This is a crucial parameter that ensures the pump can prevent cavitation, a damaging phenomenon that can occur if the suction pressure is too low.
- Application: The pump’s specific application will influence the selection of the operating point. Factors such as the required flow rate, head, and liquid properties will need to be considered.
7. Results and Discussion
- Flow Rate: The volume of water flowing through the turbine per unit of time is crucial. This affects the turbine’s power output and efficiency. Accurate measurements or estimates of the flow rate are essential for determining how well each turbine converts kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
- Head (Height): The height of the water column influences the potential energy available for conversion. The head is a significant factor in efficiency calculations, as it directly impacts the energy available for the turbine to harness.
- Turbine Design and Type: Each turbine type (Turgo, Fixed Pitch Propeller, Crossflow) has distinct design characteristics that affect its efficiency. Details on the design, including blade shape, angle, and size, are necessary to understand how each turbine performs under specific conditions.
- Efficiency Curves: The authors should provide efficiency curves or performance maps for each turbine type, which show how efficiency varies with different flow rates and heads. These curves are essential for understanding the operational range and optimal performance conditions of each turbine.
- Energy Conversion: Details on how each turbine converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy, and subsequently into electrical energy, are crucial. This includes losses due to friction, turbulence, and other factors affecting overall efficiency.
- System Integration: The efficiency analysis should also consider how each turbine integrates with the overall energy storage and distribution system, including potential losses or gains from the system’s design and configuration.
- Measurement and Calibration: Information on how efficiency was measured or calculated, including any calibration of instruments and methods used to ensure accurate data, is essential for validating the results.
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Floor Loading Capacity (kN/m2) | 5 |
Total Volume of Water Stored (m3) | 1655.5 |
Height of MLCP (m); Head of water | 12 |
Volume of water (m3) | 1655.5 |
Head of water (m) | 12 |
Floor Loading Capacity (kN/m2) | 5 |
Desired operation duration (h) | 12 |
Power (W) | Bulbs Amt | Duration (h) | Amt of MLCP Able to Power | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pelton | 6003.7 | 600 | 7.7 | 7 |
Francis | 5003.1 | 500 | 9.2 | 6 |
Turgo | 2895.9 | 289 | 15.3 | 3 |
Kaplan | 67,641.9 | 6764 | 0.7 | 81 |
Volume (m3) | 1655.5 |
---|---|
Q (m3/s) | 0.103 |
Duration of water to pump finished (h) | 4.46 |
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Kok, C.L.; Ho, C.K.; Koh, Y.Y.; Tay, W.X.; Teo, T.H. Innovative Energy Sustainable Solutions for Urban Infrastructure: Implementing Micro-Pumped Hydro Storage in Singapore’s Multi-Level Carparks. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7531. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177531
Kok CL, Ho CK, Koh YY, Tay WX, Teo TH. Innovative Energy Sustainable Solutions for Urban Infrastructure: Implementing Micro-Pumped Hydro Storage in Singapore’s Multi-Level Carparks. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7531. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177531
Chicago/Turabian StyleKok, Chiang Liang, Chee Kit Ho, Yit Yan Koh, Wan Xuan Tay, and Tee Hui Teo. 2024. "Innovative Energy Sustainable Solutions for Urban Infrastructure: Implementing Micro-Pumped Hydro Storage in Singapore’s Multi-Level Carparks" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7531. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177531