Additive Manufacturing of PH 13-8 Mo Family: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
PH 13-8 Mo Family | Fe | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | Al | S | N | Reference (Data from) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH 13-8 Mo | Bal. | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 12.25–13.25 | 7.5–8.5 | 2–2.5 | 0.9–1.35 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Ghaffari et al. [28] |
EOS StainlessSteel CX | Bal. | ≤0.05 | ≤0.40 | ≤0.40 | 11.00–13.00 | 8.40–10.00 | 1.10–1.70 | 1.20–2.00 | - | - | Chang et al. [29] |
Uddeholm AM Corrax® | Bal. | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 12 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | - | - | Krakhmalev et al. [30] |
Material | Ref. (Data from) | Material Form | Solution Treatment (ST) + Aging (A) | Cooling | Building Direction | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Hardness | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH 13-8 Mo | [27] | Wrought | ST: 927 ± 15 °C | A: 510 ± 6 °C for 4 h | ST: Cool to below 60 °C A: Air cooling | - | 1515 | 1410 | 10 | 45 HRC |
EOS StainlessSteel CX | [31] | Additive Manufacturing | ST: 850 ± 10 °C for 30 min | A: 525 ± 10 °C for 2 h | ST: Rapid air cooling below 32 °C A: Air cooling | Vertical | 1740 | 1670 | 6 | 50 HRC |
Horizontal | 1720 | 1650 | 7 | |||||||
Uddeholm AM Corrax® | [32] | Additive Manufacturing | ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | ST: Cool in air A: Cool in air to room temperature | - | 1700 | 1600 | 10 | 50 HRC |
2. PBF-LB of PH 13-8 Mo Family
2.1. As-Built Microstructure
2.2. Post-Processing Heat Treatments: Microstructure
2.3. Material Properties
2.3.1. Tensile Properties and Hardness
Material | Reference (Data from) | Process/Machine | Process Parameters LP * (W) HS * (μm) SS * (mm/s) LT * (μm) | Condition | Building Direction | Tensile Test Direction | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Hardness | Cooling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EOS Stainless Steel CX | Asgari et al. [42] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 258.7 HS: 100 SS: 1066.7 LT: 30 | As-built | H * | - | 1113 | 1036 | 21.7 | 35 ± 1 HRC | - | ||||
Yan et al. [47] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1060 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | 1043 ± 7 | 694 ± 6.5 | 16.3 ± 0.06 | 350 ± 8.5 HV0.2 | - | |||||
ST *: 900 °C for 1 h | 926 ± 5.7 | 784 ± 5.3 | 14.4 ± 0.07 | 325 ± 12.7 HV0.2 | Air cooling | ||||||||||
A *: 530 °C for 3 h | 1510 ± 8.5 | 1395 ± 5.8 | 9.3 ± 0.11 | 500 ± 9.8 HV0.2 | |||||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | 1601 ± 5.2 | 1528 ± 8.1 | 7.3 ± 0.18 | 510 ± 10.5 HV0.2 | ||||||||||
Chang et al. [29] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1060 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 357 HV0.2 | - | |||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | 326 HV0.2 | |||||||||||
A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 504 HV0.2 | |||||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 514 HV0.2 | ||||||||||
Hadadzadeh et al. [48] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 258.7 HS: 100 SS: 1066.7 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 336 ± 5 HV0.3 | - | |||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | 296 ± 6 HV0.3 | Rapid air cooling | ||||||||||
A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 502 ± 15 HV0.3 | - | ||||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 301 ± 3 HV0.3 | ST: Rapid air cooling | |||||||||
Dong et al. [51] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | HS: 100 LT: 30 | LED * = 182 J/m | As-built | - | - | 1033 ± 4.4 | 892 ± 10.7 | 11.1 ± 0.55 | 325 ± 3.5 HV0.05 | - | ||||
LED = 245 J/m | As-built | 1068 ± 5.9 | 889 ± 7.3 | 15.7 ± 0.26 | 351 ± 4.8 HV0.05 | - | |||||||||
LED = 333 J/m | As-built | 1059 ± 2.8 | 886 ± 12.3 | 14.7 ± 0.26 | 342 ± 4.2 HV0.05 | - | |||||||||
Zhang et al. [49] | PBF-LB/HBD-280 | LP: 340 HS: 100 SS: 850 LT: 50 | As-built | H | - | 1058 ± 2 | 992 ± 6 | 18.4 ± 0.9 | 38.1 ± 0.5 HRC | - | |||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | 982 ± 9 | 819 ± 11 | 12.7 ± 0.4 | 29.7 ± 0.6 HRC | Air cooling | ||||||||||
A: 530 °C for 3 h | 1648 ± 1 | 1503 ± 21 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 49.4 ± 0.2 HRC | Furnace cooling | ||||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | 1683 ± 10 | 1563 ± 56 | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 50.4 ± 0.5 HRC | ST: Air cooling A: Furnace cooling | |||||||||
Turnier Trottier et al. [59] | PBF-LB/EOS M280 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1067 LT: 60 | As-built | H | P * | 1098.3 ± 2.5 | 874.8 ± 23.6 | 16.06 ± 0.19 | XY: 36 ± 0.7 HRC | XZ: 33.3 ± 1.9 HRC | - | ||||
V * | PL * | 1079.5 ± 1.2 | 793.7 ± 62.3 | 10.76 ± 0.51 | |||||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | H | P | 1029.3 ± 1.0 | 781.7 ± 33.8 | 12.93 ± 0.26 | XY: 31.5 ± 0.7 HRC | XZ: 30.6 ± 0.7 HRC | Forced air cooling | |||||||
V | PL | 1051.8 ± 5.8 | 853.4 ± 6.6 | 10.99 ± 0.76 | |||||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | - | XY: 47.8 ± 0.5 HRC | XZ: 48.7 ± 0.3 HRC | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | H | P | 1719.5 ± 15.0 | 1647.3 ± 8.3 | 8.22 ± 0.54 | XY: 50.7 ± 0.8 HRC | XZ: 50.4 ± 1.0 HRC | |||||||
V | PL | 1698.1 ± 10.4 | 1617.2 ± 45.0 | 6.31 ± 0.22 | |||||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | - | - | XY: 49.1 ± 0.2 HRC | XZ: 49.1 ± 0.2 HRC | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | - | - | - | XY: 48.7 ± 0.3 HRC | XZ: 48.7 ± 0.2 HRC | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 6 h | - | - | - | - | - | XY: 48.6 ± 0.2 HRC | XZ: 48.1 ± 0.3 HRC | |||||||
Fang et al. [46] | PBF-LB/FARSOON FS121M | LP: 190 HS: 90 SS: 1100 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | 1084 ± 3 | 946 ± 7.3 | 17.64 ± 0.18 | 374.2 ± 6.5 HV0.2 | - | |||||
Ćirić-Kostić et al. [65] | PBF-LB/EOSINT M290 | LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 31.0 ± 1.5 HRC | - | |||||
ST: 900 °C for 45 min | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | - | - | 47.0 ± 0.9 HRC | ST: Rapid cooling in air A: Cooling in a furnace | |||||||
Chang et al. [66] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1060 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 354.9 ± 8.8 HV0.2 | - | |||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | - | - | 533.4 ± 9.7 HV0.2 | Argon cooled | |||||||
Chang et al. [67] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1060 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 356 ± 14.3 HV0.2 | - | |||||
AS *: 900 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | - | 320 ± 7.2 HV0.2 | Argon cooled | ||||||||
T *: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | - | - | 515 ± 6.8 HV0.2 | |||||||||
AS: 900 °C for 1 h | T: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | - | - | 527 ± 5.2 HV0.2 | ||||||||
Afkhami et al. [55,60] | PBF-LB/EOS M290-Not machined | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1000 LT: 30 | As-built | V | PL | 1081.2 | 899.3 | 13.3 | - | - | |||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | V | PL | 1641.5 | 1556.3 | 8.1 | - | Air cooled | |||||||
PBF-LB/EOS M290-Machined | As-built | H | P | 1170.4 | 1006.0 | 16.6 | BP *: 318 HV3 | SP *: 336 HV3 | - | ||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | H | P | 1680.1 | 1533.4 | 11.2 | BP: 467 HV3 | SP: 462 HV3 | Air cooled | ||||||
As-built | V | PL | 1090.2 | 919.2 | 10.5 | BP: 324 HV3 | SP: 322 HV3 | - | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | V | PL | 1682.7 | 1600.9 | 5.9 | BP: 477 HV3 | SP: 472 HV3 | Air cooled | ||||||
Afkhami et al. [63] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 260 HS: 100 SS: 1000 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 320 HV3 | - | |||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | - | - | - | - | - | 460 HV3 | Air cooled | |||||||
Sanjari et al. [53] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 258.7 HS: 100 SS: 1066.7 LT: 30 | As-built | H | P | 1092 ± | 807 ± | 21.2 ± | - | - | |||||
V | PL | 1085 ± | 1036 ± | 5.7 ± | - | - | |||||||||
Fabian et al. [62] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 258.7 HS: 100 SS: 1067 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | 1032 | 929 | 15.3 | 39.9 ± 2.9 HRC | - | |||||
A: 400 °C for 1667 min | - | - | - | 48.6 ± 0.1 HRC | - | ||||||||||
A: 460 °C for 1078 min | - | - | - | 50.8 ± 0.3 HRC | - | ||||||||||
A: 495 °C for 424 min | - | - | - | 50.9 ± 0.2 HRC | - | ||||||||||
A: 530 °C for 180 min | - | - | - | 50.4 ± 0.5 HRC | - | ||||||||||
A: 550 °C for 115 min | 1738 | 1659 | 14.7 | 51.2 ± 1.9 HRC | - | ||||||||||
A: 600 °C for 40 min | - | - | - | 43.4 ± 0.4 HRC | - | ||||||||||
Zhou et al. [61] | PBF-LB/FARSOON FS121M | LP: 170 HS: 90 SS: 900 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | 1084 ± 3 | 946 ± 7 | 14.6 ± 0.9 | 362 ± 7 HV0.2 | - | |||||
ST: 850 °C for 1 h | - | - | 875 ± 10 | 784 ± 13 | 12.2 ± 0.5 | 339.2 HV0.2 | Air cooling | ||||||||
ST: 875 °C for 1 h | - | - | 808 ± 13 | 781± 16 | 11.8 ± 0.8 | 330.0 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | - | - | 893 ± 8 | 832 ± 11 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 325.6 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 925 °C for 1 h | - | - | 836 ± 12 | 722 ± 15 | 11.9 ± 0.7 | 316.2 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 950 °C for 1 h | - | - | 672 ± 13 | 511 ± 17 | 11.0 ± 0.7 | 307.9 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 0.5 h | - | - | 870 ± 10 | 717 ± 13 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 327.8 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 0.75 h | - | - | 779 ± 13 | 600 ± 16 | 11.8 ± 0.8 | 326.3 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1.25 h | - | - | 788 ± 12 | 612 ± 15 | 11.9 ± 0.7 | 321.2 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1.5 h | - | - | 806 ± 9 | 710 ± 17 | 11.7 ± 0.6 | 318.2 HV0.2 | |||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 430 °C for 3 h | - | - | 1500 ± 21 | 1398 ± 43 | 10.9 ± 1.3 | 389.3 HV0.2 | ||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 480 °C for 3 h | - | - | 1493 ± 15 | 1400 ± 36 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 454.9 HV0.2 | ||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | 1598 ± 10 | 1486 ± 19 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 526.3 HV0.2 | ||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 580 °C for 3 h | - | - | 1305 ± 12 | 1196 ± 24 | 11.1 ± 1.0 | 432.6 HV0.2 | ||||||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 630 °C for 3 h | - | - | 1132 ± 13 | 912 ± 33 | 17.4 ± 1.6 | 396.4 HV0.2 | ||||||||
Uddeholm AM Corrax® | Oikonomou et al. [50] | PBF-LB/TruPrint 1000 | LP: 175 HS: 50 SS: 800 LT: 20 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 35 HRC | - | ||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | V | - | 1667 ± 7 | 1595 ± 12 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 50 HRC | - | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | H | - | 1624 ± 13.7 | 1518 ± 14.2 | 3.68 ± 1.3 | - | ||||||||
PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 170 HS: 100 SS: 1250 LT: 30 | As-built | - | - | - | - | - | 35 HRC | - | ||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | V | - | 1701 ± 4 | 1640 ± 12 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 50 HRC | - | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | H | - | 1653 ± 6 | 1560 ± 18 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | - | ||||||||
Krakhmalev et al. [30] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 170 HS: 100 SS: 1250 LT: 30 | ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | - | - | - | 49.4 HRC | Air cooling | ||||
HIP-ST: 850 °C for 30 min, 150 MPa | HIP-A: 525 °C for 4 h, 150 MPa | - | - | - | - | - | 45.9 HRC | After ST cooled down from 850 °C to 60 °C in 60 s | |||||||
Chang et al. [58] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LSP *: 170 μm | As-built | - | - | 1065.7 ± 6.7 | 911.0 ± 9.2 | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 31.6 ±1.4 HRC | - | |||||
HIP *: 1300 °C, 100 min, 175 MPa | - | - | 928.8 ± 38.9 | 844.5 ± 57.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 30.7 ± 2.1 HRC | Cooling in N2 gas | ||||||||
HIP: 1300 °C, 100 min, 175 MPa | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | 1330.4 ± 104.2 | 1150.7 ± 42.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 47.5 ± 1.3 HRC | ||||||||
HIP: 1300 °C, 100 min, 175 MPa | ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | 1245.3 ± 198.1 | 1052.5 ± 25.9 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 48.8 ± 0.5 HRC | |||||||
Maistro et al. [64] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | Non-optimized parameters | ST: 850 °C for 30 min in vacuum | A: 525 °C for 4 h in vacuum | - | - | 1711 ± 2 | 1633 ± 9 | - | 49 HRC | - | ||||
URQ-HIP *: 850 °C, 30 min | URQ-HIP: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | - | - | - | 43 HRC | - | |||||||
PBF-LB | Optimized parameters | ST: 850 °C for 30 min in vacuum | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | - | - | - | 49.9 HRC | - | |||||
URQ-HIP: 850 °C, 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | - | - | - | 51.4 HRC | A: Air cooled | |||||||
Chadha et al. [57] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | - | ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | PL | 1724 ± 14 | 1666 ± 12 | 6 ± 1 | 50 ± 1 HRC | - | ||||
- | P | 1702 ± 16 | 1628 ± 13 | 7 ± 1 | 50 ± 1 HRC | - | |||||||||
Wu et al. [56] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 170 HS: 100 SS: 1250 LT: 30 | As-built | H | - | 1168 ± 16 | 476 ± 8 | 16.6 ± 0.1 | - | - | |||||
As-built | V | - | 1145 ± 8 | 728 ± 45 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | ||||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | H | - | 1118 ± 21 | 664 ± 13 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | - | ST: Quenched in N2 | ||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | V | - | 1129 ± 14 | 717 ± 16 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | ||||||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | H | - | 1589 ± 24 | 1335 ± 127 | 12.4 ± 1.2 | - | ST: Quenched in N2 A: Air cooled | |||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | V | - | 1578 ± 47 | 1386 ± 73 | 11.7 ± 1.5 |
2.3.2. Impact Toughness
2.3.3. Corrosion Properties
2.3.4. Fatigue Properties
2.3.5. Tribological Performance
3. DED-Arc of PH 13-8 Mo Family
3.1. As-Built: Microstructure
3.2. Post-Processing Heat Treatments: Microstructure
3.3. Material Properties
3.3.1. Tensile Properties and Hardness
3.3.2. Corrosion Resistance
3.3.3. Tribological Performance
4. Comparison of PBF-LB and DED-Arc of PH 13-8 Mo Family
5. DED-LB of PH 13-8 Mo Family
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Reference (Data from) | Process | Condition | Direction | Notched Impact Toughness (J) | Unnotched Impact Toughness (J) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EOS StainlessSteel CX | Chang et al. [29] | PBF-LB | As-built | - | 83.8 | - | |
ST *: 900 °C for 1 h | - | 73.5 | - | ||||
A *: 530 °C for 3 h | - | 5.5 | - | ||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | 5.3 | - | |||
Zhang et al. [49] | PBF-LB | As-built | - | 57.7 ± 2.5 | - | ||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | - | 66.3 ± 3.2 | - | ||||
A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | 10.3 ± 0.6 | - | ||||
ST: 900 °C for 1 h | ST: 900 °C for 1 h | - | 8.7 ± 0.6 | - | |||
Afkhami et al. [55,60] | PBF-LB | As-built | Vertical | 128 | - | ||
Horizontal | 139 | ||||||
ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 2 h | Vertical | 22 | - | |||
Horizontal | 29 | ||||||
Uddeholm AM Corrax® | Oikonomou et al. [50] | PBF-LB (TruPrint 1000) | ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | Vertical | 6.22 ± 0.53 | - |
Horizontal | 11.17 ± 0.68 | - | |||||
PBF-LB (EOS M290) | ST: 850 °C for 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | Vertical | 18.70 ± 2.16 | - | ||
Horizontal | 22.06 ± 2.54 | - | |||||
Maistro et al. [64] | PBF-LB (non-optimized parameters) | ST: 850 °C for 30 min in vacuum | A: 525 °C for 4 h in vacuum | - | 9.8 ± 1.1 | - | |
URQ-HIP *: 850 °C, 30 min | URQ-HIP: 525 °C for 4 h | - | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 156 ± 26 | |||
PBF-LB (optimized parameters) | ST: 850 °C for 30 min in vacuum | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | ~240 | ||
URQ-HIP: 850 °C, 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | ~210 | |||
URQ-HIP: 1140 °C, 30 min | A: 525 °C for 4 h | - | - | ~175 |
Material | Ref. (Data from) | Process | Process Parameters | Condition | Building Direction | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Hardness | Cooling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH 13-8 Mo | Ghaffari et al. [28] | DED-Arc | AAC *: 135 A AV *: 28 V WFS *: 67 mm/s TS *: 4 mm/s | As-built | H * | 1115 ± 17 | - | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 35.4 ± 0.8 HRC | - | |
V * | 1120 ± 15 | - | 6.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||||
Ghaffari et al. [71] | DED-Arc | AAC: 135 A AV: 28 V WFS: 67 mm/s TS: 4 mm/s | As-built | H | ~1114 | - | ~11.4 | 326 ± 11 HV0.5 | - | ||
V | ~1121 | - | ~6.3 | ||||||||
ST *: 900 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | 339 ± 8 HV0.5 | Still-air-cooling | |||||
ST: 950 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | 351 ± 5 HV0.5 | ||||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | 396 ± 2 HV0.5 | ||||||
ST: 1150 °C for 1 h | - | - | - | - | 311 ± 7 HV0.5 | ||||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | A *: 400 °C for 4 h | - | ~1203 | - | ~9.9 | 373 ± 2 HV0.5 | ST: Still-air cooling | ||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | A: 450 °C for 4 h | - | ~1420 | - | ~9.3 | 507 ± 4 HV0.5 | |||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | A: 500 °C for 4 h | - | ~1510 | - | ~9 | 538 ± 3 HV0.5 | |||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | A: 550 °C for 4 h | - | ~1350 | - | ~9.7 | 474 ± 4 HV0.5 | |||||
ST: 1050 °C for 1 h | A: 600 °C for 4 h | - | ~910 | - | ~12.1 | 294 ± 6 HV0.5 | |||||
Moniruzzaman et al. [72] | DED-Arc | AAC: 135 A AV: 28 V WFS: 67 mm/s TS: 4 mm/s | As-Built | V | 1046 | 860 | 14 | 33.6 HRC | - | ||
A: 400 °C for 312 min | - | - | - | - | 41.9 HRC | - | |||||
A: 460 °C for 77 min | - | - | - | - | 41.1 HRC | ||||||
A: 495 °C for 45 min | V | 1363 | 911 | 16.3 | 46.4 HRC | ||||||
A: 510 °C for 25 min | - | - | - | - | 42.4 HRC | ||||||
A: 530 °C for 10 min | - | - | - | - | 39.8 HRC |
Material | Reference (Data from) | Process | Process Parameters | Condition | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Hardness | Cooling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EOS Stainless Steel CX | Benoit et al. [74] | PBF-LB/EOS M290 | * LP: 259 W * HS: 100 μm * SS: 1067 mm/s * LT: 30 μm | As-Built | - | - | - | 347.7 HV1 | - |
A *: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 508.3 HV1 | Water quenching | ||||
PH 13-8 Mo | DED-Arc | * AAC: 135 A * AV: 28 V * WFS: 67 mm/s * TS: 4 mm/s | As-Built | - | - | - | 401 HV1 | - | |
A: 530 °C for 3 h | - | - | - | 428.3 HV1 | Water quenching | ||||
PH 13-8 Mo | Moniruzzaman et al. [75] | DED-Arc | AAC: 135 A AV: 28 V WFS: 67 mm/s TS: 4 mm/s | As-Built | 1046 | 860 | 14 | 33.6 ± 1.2 HRC | - |
A: 495 °C for 45 min | 1363 | 911 | 16.3 | 46.4 ± 0.5 HRC | - | ||||
PBF-LB/EOS M290 | LP: 258.7 W HS: 100 μm SS: 1067 mm/s LT: 30 μm | As-Built | 1032 | 929 | 15.3 | 34.9 ± 2.9 HRC | - | ||
A: 550 °C for 115 min | 1738 | 1659 | 14.7 | 51.2 ± 0.4 HRC | - |
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Aydin, G.; Andersson, J.; Valiente Bermejo, M.A. Additive Manufacturing of PH 13-8 Mo Family: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7572. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177572
Aydin G, Andersson J, Valiente Bermejo MA. Additive Manufacturing of PH 13-8 Mo Family: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7572. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177572
Chicago/Turabian StyleAydin, Gökçe, Joel Andersson, and Maria Asuncion Valiente Bermejo. 2024. "Additive Manufacturing of PH 13-8 Mo Family: A Review" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7572. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177572