Bioavailability of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Materials
2.2. Preparation of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form
2.3. Verification of the Process of Obtaining Liposomal Powder Formulation
2.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.3.2. Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM)
2.3.3. Measurement of Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of the Liposomal Powder and Liposomes
2.3.4. Measurement of Zeta Potential
2.4. In Vitro Bioavailability Study
2.4.1. Cell Culture
2.4.2. Permeability across Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Monolayer (Caco-2 Cells)
2.4.3. Evaluation of Vitamin C Concentration
Preparation of Buffer and Wash Solutions
Method Optimization
UPLC Analysis
2.4.4. Bioavailability Expression
2.5. Clinical Study
2.5.1. Ethical Approval
2.5.2. Trial Registration
2.5.3. Study Design
2.5.4. Primary and Secondary Endpoints
2.5.5. Methodology
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form
3.2. Comparison of Bioavailability of Non-Liposomal and Liposomal Ascorbic Acid in an In Vitro Cell Model
3.3. Clinical Trial Results
3.3.1. Study Population
3.3.2. Results of Analysis of Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Tested Formulations
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
|
|
Quantiles * | |
---|---|
Harmonic mean ** | 267.7 nm |
D10 | ≤223 nm |
D16 | ≤224 nm |
D50 (SD ***) | ≤262 nm (49.8 nm) |
D84 | ≤334 nm |
D90 | ≤354 nm |
Span | 0.500 |
Parameter | Mean | SD | Min | Max | % CV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 36.8 | 11.2 | 22 | 59 | 30.5 |
Height (cm) | 172.0 | 10.3 | 160 | 186 | 6.0 |
Weight (kg) | 83.2 | 11.9 | 58 | 98 | 14.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 | 5.2 | 21.3 | 38.2 | 18.4 |
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Żmuda, P.; Khaidakov, B.; Krasowska, M.; Czapska, K.; Dobkowski, M.; Guzowski, J.; Kowalczyk, P.; Lemke, K.; Folwarski, M.; Foryś, A.; et al. Bioavailability of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7718. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177718
Żmuda P, Khaidakov B, Krasowska M, Czapska K, Dobkowski M, Guzowski J, Kowalczyk P, Lemke K, Folwarski M, Foryś A, et al. Bioavailability of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7718. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177718
Chicago/Turabian StyleŻmuda, Przemysław, Barbara Khaidakov, Maria Krasowska, Katarzyna Czapska, Michał Dobkowski, Julian Guzowski, Paulina Kowalczyk, Krzysztof Lemke, Marcin Folwarski, Aleksander Foryś, and et al. 2024. "Bioavailability of Liposomal Vitamin C in Powder Form: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Trial" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7718. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177718