Modelling and Simulation of Traditional Craft Actions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Presentation
2.2. Robotic Re-Enactment
2.3. Games
2.4. Serious Games
2.5. Visualisation
2.6. Finite Element Methods
2.7. Vibration Analysis
3. Simulation Elements
3.1. Action Types
3.2. Space and Time
3.3. Environmental Conditions
- Gravity is always simulated, determining object stability, self-weight part deformations, and fluid behaviour.
- Temperature directly affects the viscoelastic behaviour of a wide range of materials. Heat is also an agent of dryness or chemical changes that lead to new material properties.
- The wetting of soil-based materials affects workability and cohesive properties.
3.4. Material Properties
3.5. Objects
3.5.1. Tools
3.5.2. Workpieces
3.6. Causing Entities
3.6.1. Forces
3.6.2. Movements
3.6.3. Time
4. Action Modelling and Simulation
4.1. Modelling
4.1.1. Weight Models
4.1.2. Waiting Action Models
4.1.3. Moving Action Models
4.1.4. Subtractive Action Models
4.1.5. Forming Action Models
4.1.6. Additive Action Models
4.1.7. Interlocking Action Models
4.2. Simulation
4.2.1. Input
- Objects as separate parts, as well as indications if considered rigid or static.
- Materials and their properties.
- Transformations that place objects in the virtual scene.
- Gravity and any environmental conditions prescribed.
- Causing entities and their scheduling.
- Definitions of simulated time intervals and their discretisation.
4.2.2. Execution
4.2.3. Output
5. Use Cases
5.1. Weight
5.2. Subtractive
5.2.1. Incising
5.2.2. Splitting
5.2.3. Turning
5.2.4. Drilling
5.2.5. Tearing
5.3. Additive
5.3.1. Adhesive Assembly
5.3.2. Metal Assembling
5.4. Forming
5.4.1. Debossing
5.4.2. Bending
5.4.3. Twisting
5.4.4. Hot-Rolling
5.4.5. Throwing
5.5. Interlocking
5.5.1. Fastening
5.5.2. Swivelling
5.5.3. Weaving
5.5.4. Spinning
5.6. Interactivity
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Action | ID |
---|---|
Additive and joining processes and techniques | 300229467 |
Bending | 300053101 |
Braiding | 300053638 |
Carving | 300053149 |
Cutting | 300053069 |
Debossing | 300265527 |
Drilling | 300053151 |
Engraving | 300053829 |
Fastening | 300053015 |
Forming | 300053098 |
Hot-rolling | 300137949 |
Incising | 300053847 |
Incising, Splitting, Drilling, and Tearing | 300229471 |
Interlocking | 300229467 |
Knitting | 300053634 |
Metal assembling | 300053948 |
Moulding | 300053134 |
Moving | 300263062 |
Soldering | 300053949 |
Spinning | 300053661 |
Splitting | 300263219 |
Subtractive processes and techniques | 300229471 |
Swivelling | 300434215 |
Tearing | 300252881 |
Throwing | 300053908 |
Turning | 300053158 |
Twisting | 300072926 |
Waiting | 300386082 |
Weaving | 300053642 |
Weight | 300056240 |
Welding | 300053958 |
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Action Type | Representative Action | Simulation Properties |
---|---|---|
Subtract | Remove bulk material | Damage model |
Split | ||
Cut, tear | ||
Form | Casting | Plasticity, Elasticity |
Shaping | ||
Bending | ||
Folding | ||
Interlock | Weaving, Spinning | Elasticity, Plasticity, Friction |
Joining | ||
Add | Placing | Plasticity, Cohesion |
Adding |
General (Move) | ||
---|---|---|
Density | Mass per unit volume. | kg/m3 |
Friction | The ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together (normal force) | Unitless |
Strength (Subtract, Form) | ||
Hardness | Ability to withstand localised permanent deformation and/or resistance to deformation. | Pascal |
Tensile, compressive, shear strength | Parameters that describe material strength under different loading conditions. | Pascal |
Ductility | Ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture or failure, measured by elongation at break and reduction in area. | Unitless |
Plasticity and Elasticity (Form, Interlock) | ||
Elastic Modulus | Resistance to non-permanent, or elastic, deformation. | Pascal |
Young Modulus | Stiffness of material. | Pascal |
Poisson Ratio | Deformation (expansion or contraction) of a material in directions perpendicular to the specific direction of loading. | Unitless |
Tensile Strength | Amount of load or stress that a material can handle until it stretches and breaks. | Pascal |
Yield Strength | Stress corresponds to the yield point (at which the material begins to deform plastically). | Pascal |
Hardness | Ability to withstand localised permanent deformation (resistance to deformation). | Pascal |
Ductility | Ability to be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread without breaking. | Unitless |
Toughness | The ability to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. | Joules/m3 |
Tool Type | Shape | Indicative Tools | Action Class | Mechanism |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cutting | Tapered edge | Blades | Subtract | Wedge |
Jagged edges | Saws | Subtract | ||
Struck | Tapered edge | Chisels, Gouges | Subtract | |
Gripping | Pair of jaws | Tweezers, Pliers, Wrenches | Move, Interlock, Subtract | Pressure, friction |
Striking | Flat face | Hammers | Subtract, Form, Interlock | Momentum |
Driving | Tip | Screwdrivers | Interlock | Torque, lever, friction. |
Profile | Wrenches | Interlock |
Name | Description | Mathematical Model Name | References |
---|---|---|---|
Orthotropic Damage | Describes the mechanical behaviour of materials that exhibit different properties along three mutually perpendicular directions (orthotropy). It typically includes damage evolution laws specific to different material directions. | Hooke’s law for orthotropic materials | [66,67,68,69,79,80,81,82] |
Cohesive Zone | Utilised to simulate the behaviour of cracks and interfaces by representing the traction-separation relationship. This model defines the behaviour of a material until complete separation occurs. | The constitutive behaviour of crack opening is governed by a traction-separation law, the Cohesive Law | [71,72,83,84,85] |
Johnson–Cook | Describes the flow stress of materials under varying strain, strain rate, and temperature. | Flow stress equation | [72,73,86,87,88,89] |
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Zabulis, X.; Partarakis, N.; Demeridou, I.; Bartalesi, V.; Pratelli, N.; Meghini, C.; Nikolaou, N.; Fallahian, P. Modelling and Simulation of Traditional Craft Actions. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177750
Zabulis X, Partarakis N, Demeridou I, Bartalesi V, Pratelli N, Meghini C, Nikolaou N, Fallahian P. Modelling and Simulation of Traditional Craft Actions. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177750
Chicago/Turabian StyleZabulis, Xenophon, Nikolaos Partarakis, Ioannna Demeridou, Valentina Bartalesi, Nicolò Pratelli, Carlo Meghini, Nikolaos Nikolaou, and Peiman Fallahian. 2024. "Modelling and Simulation of Traditional Craft Actions" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177750