Application of X-ray Spectroscopic Techniques to Determine the Inorganic Composition and Sulfur Chemical Speciation of the Amazonian Plant Bixa orellana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF)
2.3. X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES)
3. Results
3.1. WD-XRF
3.2. XANES
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measured Concentrations (μg g−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | ||
Whole Fruit | Pericarp | Seed | |
Mg | 3200 ± 140 | 1150 ± 50 | 1990 ± 50 |
Al | ND * | 105 ± 5 | ND |
Si | 540 ± 30 | 280 ± 20 | 120 ± 10 |
P | 3720 ± 70 | 2570 ± 50 | 3750 ± 40 |
S | 2240 ± 50 | 2450 ± 70 | 1850 ± 30 |
Cl | 3220 ± 40 | 5070 ± 60 | 1010 ± 20 |
K | 21,070 ± 340 | 20,720 ± 360 | 14,510 ± 220 |
Ca | 6340 ± 110 | 7570 ± 130 | 2020 ± 60 |
Mn | 33 ± 3 | ND | ND |
Fe | 70 ± 2 | 103 ± 3 | 43 ± 3 |
Cu | 50 ± 1 | 60 ± 4 | 40 ± 1 |
Zn | 50 ± 6 | ND | 63 ± 5 |
Rb | 210 ± 12 | ND | ND |
Compound | Functional Group | Oxidation State [26,27,28] | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Fruit % | Pericarp % | Seed % | |||
Oxidized glutathione | disulfide | 0.2 | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 6.6 ± 2.4 | 18.2 ± 1.7 |
Methionine | thioether | 0.5 | 18.2 ± 1.8 | 14.9 ± 2.2 | 24.8 ± 1.6 |
DMSO | sulfoxide | 2 | 10.2 ± 0.7 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 11.0 ± 0.5 |
Cysteic acid | sulfonic acid | 5 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.5 |
Inorganic sulfate | inorganic sulfate | 6 | 48.2 ± 0.5 | 61.0 ± 0.6 | 43.0 ± 0.5 |
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Gonzalez, J.C.; Simões, G.; Bernini, R.B.; Coutinho, L.H.; Nunez, C.V.; Ferreira, C.S.; de Souza, G.G.B. Application of X-ray Spectroscopic Techniques to Determine the Inorganic Composition and Sulfur Chemical Speciation of the Amazonian Plant Bixa orellana. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7827. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177827
Gonzalez JC, Simões G, Bernini RB, Coutinho LH, Nunez CV, Ferreira CS, de Souza GGB. Application of X-ray Spectroscopic Techniques to Determine the Inorganic Composition and Sulfur Chemical Speciation of the Amazonian Plant Bixa orellana. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7827. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177827
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalez, Joselaine Cáceres, Grazieli Simões, Rafael B. Bernini, Lucia H. Coutinho, Cecilia Veronica Nunez, Cristiane S. Ferreira, and Gerardo Gerson B. de Souza. 2024. "Application of X-ray Spectroscopic Techniques to Determine the Inorganic Composition and Sulfur Chemical Speciation of the Amazonian Plant Bixa orellana" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7827. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177827