Figure 1.
Flowchart for beginners using a pottery wheel.
Figure 1.
Flowchart for beginners using a pottery wheel.
Figure 2.
User clustering population target map.
Figure 2.
User clustering population target map.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the overall mechanism of the second-generation pottery wheel machine: (a) physical display diagram of the second-generation pottery wheel machine and (b) model diagram of the second-generation pottery wheel machine (1. pottery wheel mechanism, 2. pull mechanism, 3. lifting mechanism, 4. bearing mechanism, 5. power transmission mechanism, 6. pottery wheel machine shell).
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the overall mechanism of the second-generation pottery wheel machine: (a) physical display diagram of the second-generation pottery wheel machine and (b) model diagram of the second-generation pottery wheel machine (1. pottery wheel mechanism, 2. pull mechanism, 3. lifting mechanism, 4. bearing mechanism, 5. power transmission mechanism, 6. pottery wheel machine shell).
Figure 4.
Exploded view of pottery wheel equipment housing (1. core machine cover, 2. lift mechanism shell, 3. top plate machine cover, 4. core machine case, 5. side plate).
Figure 4.
Exploded view of pottery wheel equipment housing (1. core machine cover, 2. lift mechanism shell, 3. top plate machine cover, 4. core machine case, 5. side plate).
Figure 5.
Rear view of the shell: (a) Rear view of the actual shell and (b) Rear view of the shell model (1. positioning hole of the support mechanism, 2. connect the pottery wheel mechanism, 3. connect the power transmission mechanism, 4. connect the lifting mechanism, 5. connect the pottery wheel mechanism, 6. connect the control panel).
Figure 5.
Rear view of the shell: (a) Rear view of the actual shell and (b) Rear view of the shell model (1. positioning hole of the support mechanism, 2. connect the pottery wheel mechanism, 3. connect the power transmission mechanism, 4. connect the lifting mechanism, 5. connect the pottery wheel mechanism, 6. connect the control panel).
Figure 6.
Diagram of the connection between the core machine case and the lift housing: (a) actual connection of the core machine case and lift housing and (b) model diagram of the connection between the core machine case and lift housing (1. connected to the top plate machine cover, 2. core machine case cover integrated with the core machine case, 3. lift housing connected to the core machine case, 4. inner wall of the core machine case connected to the pull mechanism, 5. the inner wall of the lift housing connected to the lift mechanism).
Figure 6.
Diagram of the connection between the core machine case and the lift housing: (a) actual connection of the core machine case and lift housing and (b) model diagram of the connection between the core machine case and lift housing (1. connected to the top plate machine cover, 2. core machine case cover integrated with the core machine case, 3. lift housing connected to the core machine case, 4. inner wall of the core machine case connected to the pull mechanism, 5. the inner wall of the lift housing connected to the lift mechanism).
Figure 7.
Diagram of the top function connections for a pottery wheel: (a) top view of the actual pottery wheel and (b) diagram of the top model of the pottery wheel (1. connection to the support mechanism, 2. connection to the pottery wheel mechanism, 3. connection between the top plate cover and side panel, 4. connection of the inner side panel wall to the power transmission mechanism, 5. connection to the support mechanism, 6. connection to the core machine case, 7. connection to the support mechanism).
Figure 7.
Diagram of the top function connections for a pottery wheel: (a) top view of the actual pottery wheel and (b) diagram of the top model of the pottery wheel (1. connection to the support mechanism, 2. connection to the pottery wheel mechanism, 3. connection between the top plate cover and side panel, 4. connection of the inner side panel wall to the power transmission mechanism, 5. connection to the support mechanism, 6. connection to the core machine case, 7. connection to the support mechanism).
Figure 8.
Installation process diagram of pottery wheel machine shell: (a) shell installation actual diagram and (b) shell installation model diagram.
Figure 8.
Installation process diagram of pottery wheel machine shell: (a) shell installation actual diagram and (b) shell installation model diagram.
Figure 9.
Comparative analysis of the materials: (a) Q235 hot steel plate, martensitic, OM and (b) Q235 carbon steel, carburizing quenching temper, SEM).
Figure 9.
Comparative analysis of the materials: (a) Q235 hot steel plate, martensitic, OM and (b) Q235 carbon steel, carburizing quenching temper, SEM).
Figure 10.
Overall appearance of the pull mechanism.
Figure 10.
Overall appearance of the pull mechanism.
Figure 11.
Demonstration of the pull mechanism: (a) actual view of the pull mechanism and (b) model diagram of the pull mechanism (1. base plate, 2. vertical plate, 3. slider, 4. partition, 5. core machine case, 6. slide rail, 7. handle, 8. clay storage push-out section, 9. top plate, 10. power push-out installation section, 11. seal plate).
Figure 11.
Demonstration of the pull mechanism: (a) actual view of the pull mechanism and (b) model diagram of the pull mechanism (1. base plate, 2. vertical plate, 3. slider, 4. partition, 5. core machine case, 6. slide rail, 7. handle, 8. clay storage push-out section, 9. top plate, 10. power push-out installation section, 11. seal plate).
Figure 12.
Diagram of the clay storage push-out section: (a) actual view of the clay storage push-out section and (b) model diagram of the clay storage push-out section (1. push plate, 2. telescopic rod, 3. clay ejection hole, 4. first box, 5. flange).
Figure 12.
Diagram of the clay storage push-out section: (a) actual view of the clay storage push-out section and (b) model diagram of the clay storage push-out section (1. push plate, 2. telescopic rod, 3. clay ejection hole, 4. first box, 5. flange).
Figure 13.
Diagram of the power push-out installation section: (a) actual view of the power push-out installation section and (b) model diagram of the power push-out installation section (1. top cover, 2. third box, 3. second box, 4. telescopic rod, 5. telescopic cylinder).
Figure 13.
Diagram of the power push-out installation section: (a) actual view of the power push-out installation section and (b) model diagram of the power push-out installation section (1. top cover, 2. third box, 3. second box, 4. telescopic rod, 5. telescopic cylinder).
Figure 14.
Use of pull mechanism.
Figure 14.
Use of pull mechanism.
Figure 15.
Use of pull mechanism assembly diagram.
Figure 15.
Use of pull mechanism assembly diagram.
Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) actual diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism and (b) model diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism.
Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) actual diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism and (b) model diagram of the pottery wheel mechanism.
Figure 17.
Pottery wheel mechanism module framework (1. pottery wheel, 2. bearing sleeve, 3. fixed module, 4. rotational pulley module).
Figure 17.
Pottery wheel mechanism module framework (1. pottery wheel, 2. bearing sleeve, 3. fixed module, 4. rotational pulley module).
Figure 18.
Bearing sleeve diagram: (a) actual bearing sleeve image and (b) bearing sleeve model diagram (1. small platform buckle, 2. positioning fixed module, 3. fixing pottery wheel plate, 4. fixing rotational pulley module).
Figure 18.
Bearing sleeve diagram: (a) actual bearing sleeve image and (b) bearing sleeve model diagram (1. small platform buckle, 2. positioning fixed module, 3. fixing pottery wheel plate, 4. fixing rotational pulley module).
Figure 19.
Diagram of the fixed module structure in the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) fixed module structure model diagram and (b) fixed module installation model diagram (1. upper flange, 2. upper bearing, 3. lower bearing, 4. lower flange, 5. module retaining ring, 6. bearing sleeve, 7. top plate cover, 8. bearing retaining ring).
Figure 19.
Diagram of the fixed module structure in the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) fixed module structure model diagram and (b) fixed module installation model diagram (1. upper flange, 2. upper bearing, 3. lower bearing, 4. lower flange, 5. module retaining ring, 6. bearing sleeve, 7. top plate cover, 8. bearing retaining ring).
Figure 20.
Diagram of the rotational pulley module in the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) rotational pulley module structure model diagram and (b) rotational pulley module installation model diagram (1. upper fixing ring, 2. rotational pulley, 3. lower fixing ring, 4. pulley retaining ring).
Figure 20.
Diagram of the rotational pulley module in the pottery wheel mechanism: (a) rotational pulley module structure model diagram and (b) rotational pulley module installation model diagram (1. upper fixing ring, 2. rotational pulley, 3. lower fixing ring, 4. pulley retaining ring).
Figure 21.
Schematic diagram of the power transmission mechanism Installation: (a) actual installation of the power transmission mechanism and (b) model installation of the power transmission mechanism.
Figure 21.
Schematic diagram of the power transmission mechanism Installation: (a) actual installation of the power transmission mechanism and (b) model installation of the power transmission mechanism.
Figure 22.
Schematic diagram of power transmission mechanism connection.
Figure 22.
Schematic diagram of power transmission mechanism connection.
Figure 23.
Schematic diagram of lifting mechanism: (a) physical throwing of lifting mechanism and (b) model throwing of lifting mechanism.
Figure 23.
Schematic diagram of lifting mechanism: (a) physical throwing of lifting mechanism and (b) model throwing of lifting mechanism.
Figure 24.
Schematic diagram of lifting mechanism parts (1. flange, 2. lifting housing, 3. small platform, 4. bearing, 5. telescopic rod, 6. telescopic cylinder, 7. lifting chassis).
Figure 24.
Schematic diagram of lifting mechanism parts (1. flange, 2. lifting housing, 3. small platform, 4. bearing, 5. telescopic rod, 6. telescopic cylinder, 7. lifting chassis).
Figure 25.
Operation flow chart of the core organization.
Figure 25.
Operation flow chart of the core organization.
Figure 26.
Overall organizational process flowchart.
Figure 26.
Overall organizational process flowchart.
Figure 27.
The control panel.
Figure 27.
The control panel.
Figure 28.
Diagram of experiment equipment preparation: (a) group experiment setup for intelligent pottery wheel machine and (b) group experiment setup for traditional pottery wheel machine.
Figure 28.
Diagram of experiment equipment preparation: (a) group experiment setup for intelligent pottery wheel machine and (b) group experiment setup for traditional pottery wheel machine.
Figure 29.
Key metrics comparison chart.
Figure 29.
Key metrics comparison chart.
Figure 30.
Center positioning schematic of clay body: (a) manual positioning and (b) automatic machine positioning.
Figure 30.
Center positioning schematic of clay body: (a) manual positioning and (b) automatic machine positioning.
Figure 31.
Diagram of beginner pottery wheel operation works: (a) works made by market equipment and (b) works made by second-generation pottery wheel machine.
Figure 31.
Diagram of beginner pottery wheel operation works: (a) works made by market equipment and (b) works made by second-generation pottery wheel machine.
Table 1.
Comparative analysis of different motor types.
Table 1.
Comparative analysis of different motor types.
| Same Point | Advantage | Weakness |
---|
Direct drive motor machine | The expected service life of the two kinds of motors is similar, including the rotor, stator, and output shaft, which provide torque for the ceramic billet and generate the rotor through electromagnetic induction to meet the basic throwing requirements. | Stable speed, strong strength, durability, fast speed response, high production quality | High price, large volume and weight, high maintenance cost, complex function, the need for a stable power supply |
Frequency motor machine | Smooth speed adjustment, high energy efficiency, stable start and stop, good stability, high operation accuracy | Complex technology, high price, high operation technical requirements, may require professional installation, limited model selection |
Table 2.
Comparative analysis of different types of pottery wheel machines.
Table 2.
Comparative analysis of different types of pottery wheel machines.
| Fixed Position | Advantage | Shortcoming |
---|
Down-to-foot pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i001]() | Professional crowd, traditional pottery crowd | No power, imitates traditional manual wheels, good sense of control, low maintenance cost, suitable for outdoor use | High technical requirements, not suitable for large scales of production, simple design, limited market choice |
Mini pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i002]() | Children, home, and indoor groups | Small size, simple operation, low price, power saving, simple maintenance | Simple function, limited production size, insufficient strength and speed, low durability, limited advanced functions |
Portable pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i003]() | For explaining and teaching, professional crowd | Light and easy to carry, suitable for small works, simple installation and disassembly, suitable for beginners, low price | Limited functional performance, limited production size, low durability and stability, insufficient force speed, and smooth working surface |
High-end professional pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i004]() | Professional crowd, the factory | High performance, fully functional, precise control, durable, and has advanced features such as programmable control | It is expensive, bulky, requires maintenance, and may be too complex for beginners |
Multi-functional pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i005]() | Tourists, research groups, students | One machine is multi-purpose, suitable for diverse needs, improves efficiency, is user-friendly, and contributes to technology learning | It may affect professional performance, high cost, complex maintenance, long learning and adaptation time, and complex design to affect durable stability |
Silent pottery wheel
![Applsci 14 07989 i006]() | Indoor family | Low noise, improved work comfort, suitable for home studio, reduces hearing impact, using advanced technology to improve performance | Noise reduction technology increases cost, high price, maintenance requires expertise, may sacrifice performance, and limited market options |
Table 3.
Behavior analysis of the user using the pottery wheel machine.
Table 3.
Behavior analysis of the user using the pottery wheel machine.
The Stage | Focus on Aspects | User Behavior | Itchy Points | Pain Spot |
---|
Preparatory phase | Use clay to control | Do appropriate work to remove air bubbles | There is an insufficient or excessive amount of clay used | Unable to accurately control the amount of clay used |
Preparatory phase | Material preparation | Ask about the clay suitable for use | Clay choice | Quality testing of the clay |
Initial Settings | Human engineering | Adjust seat height | Hand comfort, the nature of the body posture | Often walking around, waist and neck problems prominent |
Initial Settings | Equipment adjustment | Adjust the speed of the turntable through the control panel | Adjust the parameters of the pottery wheel machine | Speed, direction of rotation |
Pottery wheel operation | Use habits | Add water and throw water | Specific usage habits | Wash your hands often and do not focus |
Pottery wheel operation | Consuming situation | Keep both hands on the clay | Feel too long, expect a more efficient way of production | Often high failure rate |
Pottery wheel operation | Work efficiency | Adjust the speed of the turntable by trampling, or using the control panel | Need to frequently pause and adjust equipment, and the whole process is not smooth | Constantly adjust the equipment |
Pottery wheel operation | The safety problem of pulling clay | High-speed rotation positioning center | There is a clay splash when using the pottery wheel machine | The clay flies out at high speed |
Table 4.
User requirements analysis table.
Table 4.
User requirements analysis table.
User Clustering | Target Stratification | User Demand |
---|
Main users | Primary objective | Quick learning and mastering the basic skills of pottery, smooth entry |
Second objective | Increasing confidence through practice and creation, and finding new interests |
The fundamental goal | Exploring and developing a personal interest in pottery, maybe becoming involved in this artistic activity long-term |
Secondary user | Primary objective | Using the pottery wheel machine as a teaching tool to improve teaching efficiency and quality |
Second objective | Stimulating students’ interest and creativity, and promoting the communication and cooperation between students |
Third user | Primary objective | Improving work efficiency and creative quality to meet commercial and artistic creation needs |
Table 5.
Comparative analysis of the materials.
Table 5.
Comparative analysis of the materials.
Parameters/Performance | Characterization | Value/Result |
---|
Material standards | National or international standards indicating materials | GB/T 700-2006 |
Chemical composition | C | About 0.22% |
Si | About 0.35% |
Mn | About 1.4% |
P | ≤0.045% |
S | ≤0.045% |
Tensile strength | Represents the ability of the material to resist tensile destruction | About 370–500 MPa |
Yield Strength | Minimum stress when the material begins a permanent deformation | About 235 MPa |
Extensibility | Maximum elongation before breaking, which is shown as a percentage of the original length | About 26% |
Heat treatment | Describes the heat treatment process of the material | Normalization treatment |
Ballistic work | The ability of the material to resist impact under the specified conditions | Approx. 27J (at 20 °C) |
Hardness | The ability of the material surface to resist hard pressure | About 120 HB |
Table 6.
Motor driver pin descriptions.
Table 6.
Motor driver pin descriptions.
VIN | Power Supply Cathode (Within the Rated Voltage Range of the Driven Motor) |
---|
GND | Power supply and signal |
VM | Motor power supply |
OUTA/OUTB | Electrical output |
PWM | Receive the pulse width modulation signal to control the speed |
DIR | Directional control |
SLP | Dormant pin (high level operation, low level into sleep mode) |
FLT | Fault pin |
Table 7.
Communication module pin descriptions.
Table 7.
Communication module pin descriptions.
VCC | Power Supply (3.3v) |
---|
GND | Power supply and signal |
TX | Send data pins |
RX | Receive data pins |
CH_PD(EN) | Enabling pin (connected to a high level to make the module work) |
GPIO0 | Universal input/output pin |
GPIO2 | Universal input/output pin |
RST | Reset the pin |
Table 8.
Experimental plan.
Table 8.
Experimental plan.
Experiment Procedure | Specific Plan | Purpose |
---|
Confirm the experimental subject | Divide the participants into two groups, using a traditional pottery wheel and a smart pottery wheel, respectively | Objectively assess the performance differences between the two devices under the same conditions |
Time log | Record the time each participant first completes a pottery piece, regardless of success | Compare average first completion time to evaluate equipment efficiency |
Work weight record | Weigh the piece after the first round of throwing; if the piece fails, weigh the discarded clay | Compare the average material utilization rates of the two groups to assess the level of savings |
Fixed duration test | Participants have 60 min to complete as many pieces as possible. A professional instructor will assess whether the pieces meet the standards, and the number of completed and successful pieces will be recorded (the criteria for successfully forming clay pieces is that the work must have a width of at least 65 mm and a height of at least 85 mm) | Calculate the average success rate and make comparisons to evaluate machine performance |
Table 9.
Comparative analysis of detailed data between traditional and second-generation machines.
Table 9.
Comparative analysis of detailed data between traditional and second-generation machines.
Product Name | The Traditional Machine | The Second-Generation Machine | Comparison |
---|
Device dimensions | 600 × 420 × 405 mm | 900 × 676 × 600 mm | Bigger |
The number of products per second | 0–300 | 0–300 | Equal |
Turntable diameter | 25–30 cm | 38 cm | Bigger |
Product steering | Positive and negative can turn | Positive and negative can turn | Equal |
The fuselage surface | High-temperature spray plastic | Metal just Q235 | More Stable |
Product power | 250/350w | 250/350w | Equal |
Product voltage | 220v | 220v | Equal |
Product control speed | Infinite variable speed | Infinite variable speed | Equal |
Weight | 15 kg | 35 kg | More Stable |
Clay material installation | Hand movement | Automatic | Durable |
First positioning method of clay materials | Hand movement | Automatic | Stabilized |
First positioning time of clay material | Manual/5–10 min | Automatic/1–2 min | Saves effort |
Clay dosage | Disproportionate | Balanced | More precise |
Clay body quality | Each time is different | Relatively consistent | More precise |
Beginner’s first throwing quality | Poor | Preferences | Easier |
Table 10.
Sample data for traditional pottery wheel machine group.
Table 10.
Sample data for traditional pottery wheel machine group.
Sample ID | First Completion Time (minutes) | Number of Completed Works | Number of Successful Works | Success Rate (%) | Waste Clay Weight (g) | Finished Product Weight (g) | Material Utilization Rate (%) | First Attempt Success (Yes/No) |
---|
1 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 75 | 312.7 | 887.3 | 73.9 | Yes |
2 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 33.33 | 802.5 | 397.5 | 33.1 | No |
3 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 50 | 612.3 | 587.7 | 49 | No |
4 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 80 | 256.9 | 943.1 | 78.6 | Yes |
5 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 75 | 300.5 | 899.5 | 75 | Yes |
6 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 33.33 | 798.4 | 401.6 | 33.5 | No |
7 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 50 | 603.2 | 596.8 | 49.7 | No |
8 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 80 | 253.4 | 946.6 | 78.9 | Yes |
9 | 14 | 4 | 3 | 75 | 299.9 | 900.1 | 75 | Yes |
10 | 16 | 3 | 2 | 66.67 | 400 | 800 | 66.5 | No |
Average | 15 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 61.80 | 464.2 | 735.8 | 61.3 | \ |
Table 11.
Second-generation pottery wheel machine group sample data.
Table 11.
Second-generation pottery wheel machine group sample data.
Sample ID | First Completion Time (minutes) | Number of Completed Works | Number of Successful Works | Success Rate (%) | Waste Clay Weight (g) | Finished Product Weight (g) | Material Utilization Rate (%) | First Attempt Success (Yes/No) |
---|
1 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 83.33 | 208.7 | 991.3 | 82.6 | Yes |
2 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 60 | 358.9 | 841.1 | 70.1 | No |
3 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 66.67 | 324.6 | 875.4 | 72.9 | Yes |
4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 85.71 | 156.3 | 1043.7 | 86.9 | Yes |
5 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 83.33 | 209.8 | 990.2 | 82.5 | Yes |
6 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 60 | 363.5 | 836.5 | 69.7 | No |
7 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 66.67 | 322.4 | 877.6 | 73.1 | Yes |
8 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 85.71 | 189.3 | 1010.7 | 84.2 | Yes |
9 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 83.33 | 153.7 | 1046.3 | 87.2 | Yes |
10 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 80 | 245.7 | 954.3 | 79.5 | Yes |
Average | 9.8 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 75.5 | 253.3 | 946.7 | 78.9 | \ |