Intelligent Pottery Wheel Machine Design: Enhancing Pottery Throwing Quality and Efficiency

Abstract

The pottery wheel machine is an essential piece of equipment in ceramics manufacturing. This paper presents the design of an intelligent pottery wheel machine aimed at addressing the issues of low clay material utilization and the challenges of pottery throwing operations. Traditional techniques require exceptional craftsmanship and proficient mechanical operation, and existing pottery wheel machines still demand attention to equipment usage and clay material knowledge. The intelligent pottery wheel machine integrates central positioning, automatic clay feeding, and clay storage. The pull mechanism stores and precisely feeds clay, regulating usage and minimizing excess. The automated settings of the clay storage and power push system replace the need for manual assessment of clay density and quality, ensuring balanced and high-quality clay extrusion. The continuous feeding setting allows for automatic addition of clay, saving replenishment time and reducing the labor intensity of adding clay. The lifting mechanism ensures that the clay body remains centered, avoiding repeated manual adjustments and allowing users to focus on creating pottery rather than spending excessive time mastering the centering technique. The machine’s lightweight, modular design reduces clay waste, making the process more sustainable. By saving clay materials and improving throwing efficiency, it enhances the success rate of throwing.

1. Introduction

In the process of modern urbanization [1], the widespread application of intelligent devices has not only improved the quality of life but also promoted the development of cultural industries [2]. As a traditional art form, pottery still holds significant importance in contemporary urban life [3,4]. However, conventional pottery tools have many limitations and drawbacks, particularly regarding efficient material utilization and production sustainability [5]. To align with the trends of smart technology and sustainable development, we aimed to design a smart pottery wheel that enhances material efficiency, reduces weight, and minimizes waste, addressing the shortcomings of existing equipment and meeting user needs.

Through market research, we conducted an in-depth analysis of existing product types and application directions, identified design flaws, and made targeted design choices. The current market offers a wide range of pottery wheel devices, primarily divided into manual [6] and electric pottery wheels [7]. Although manual pottery wheels are simple to operate, they present significant challenges for beginners, requiring extensive practice to master and often leading to material waste. Electric pottery wheels are relatively easier to use but still require manual feeding and centering, demanding a certain level of skill and presenting a learning barrier [8].

The existing pottery wheel technology mainly includes the following aspects:

• Mechanical transmission and electric drive

Traditional mechanical transmission: represented by the Shimada process billet machine, relying on foot or handshaking to drive the rotation of the billet table. Its advantages lie in the simple structure and low cost, but its disadvantages include its complex operation and poor stability [9].

Electric drive equipment: the Steven Hill series produced by the Skutt company and the CXC models from the Brent company adopt an electric drive and drive the billet table through motor rotation [10,11,12,13,14]. This kind of equipment greatly improves the ease of operation and stability, but it still needs to be manually adjusted during the operation.

2.

Frequency conversion control

Nidec-Shimpo [15,16,17,18] VL-Whisper [19]: this device uses frequency conversion control technology, which can freely adjust the throwing speed according to the needs of the user, significantly improving operational flexibility. However, the frequency conversion control system increases the complexity of the equipment and the cost.

3.

Intelligent control system

ROBOurry billet throwing machine: to realize an automatic billet through the PLC control system [20,21,22], the user only needs to set the parameters to pull the billet operation. Although this technology improves the accuracy of operation, the complex operation interface and high price make it mainly accessible to professional users and difficult to popularize to ordinary ceramic lovers.

4.

Improvement of the structural design

Veni-Drawer Pro: this device has been optimized in the structural design, using modular design, and strives for compact, lightweight, and humanized equipment. However, despite the improvement of other features, the fixation and positioning of clay blocks remain a troubling problem, and users are prone to billet offset during operation.

Although these technologies have improved the performance and operation convenience of pottery wheels to some extent, there are still the following deficiencies of the existing products on the market:

• Complex operation: traditional mechanical transmission and electric drive equipment have complicated operation processes and require a high technical level for users. In addition, although the intelligent control system improves the accuracy, the operation mode is complex and not friendly to novice users.
• Incorrect positioning: it is difficult for the existing equipment to achieve the accurate positioning of the billet. Novice users are especially prone to billet offset in the operation process, which affects the quality of the finished products.
• Low degree of automation: although some high-end devices have introduced intelligent control systems [23], most products in the market are still mainly manual operation, the degree of automation is not high enough, and users need to carry out a lot of manual intervention.
• Poor user experience: the design of existing devices mainly focuses on the realization of functions, paying less attention to the actual operation experience of users, especially in terms of the friendliness and convenience of novice operations.

In order to overcome the above deficiencies and greatly improve the overall operation experience of users, we have developed a new intelligent pottery wheel machine with the following innovative features:

• Central positioning system: through the integration of high-precision intelligent sensors, this realizes the automatic central positioning of the billet, ensures the stability and accuracy of each throwing process, and greatly reduces the difficulty for beginners.
• Automatic feeding [24,25,26,27,28]: the machine is equipped with an automatic feeding system. Users can complete the loading and fixing process of the clay, which greatly simplifies the operation process and improves the operation efficiency.
• One-click operation: the innovative design of the one-click control system enables users to easily complete the whole process operation from clay loading, center positioning, to throwing, which significantly improves the convenience of operation and user experience.

The second-gen smart pottery wheel integrates centralized feeding for enhanced stability and operation ease. Lightweight yet sturdy, it boasts a smart-controlled system that auto-adjusts feeding [29], lightening the user workload, boosting centering success [30], and cutting waste. Outperforming traditional electric wheels, it excels in user-friendliness, stability, and material efficiency.

2. Research Status Analysis

2.1. Motor Type of Pottery Wheel Machine

In the motor application of the pottery wheel machine, the direct drive motor and frequency conversion motor each show unique characteristics and performance, which can provide the torque to meet the needs of the pottery wheel machine, so as to realize the basic pottery wheel-throwing process. The expected life of both motors is roughly comparable under normal operation and maintenance conditions. Their structure includes the rotor, stator, output axis, and other basic components, and its working principle is mainly through electromagnetic induction to make the rotor produce torque.

Direct drive motors and frequency conversion motors have their own unique advantages and limitations, so the choice of their applicable scenarios and user preferences needs to be considered comprehensively. For example, direct drive motors are famous for their high efficiency and less mechanical friction, suitable for fine and stable operation, while frequency conversion motors have significant advantages in industrial applications for their good speed control and wide adaptability. Therefore, when selecting the appropriate motor type, a comprehensive evaluation should be conducted from the perspectives of functional performance, efficiency performance, and control experience according to the specific use scenarios and user needs, so as to ensure the optimization and adaptation of the motor scheme.

As shown in

Table 1. Comparative analysis of different motor types.

	Same Point	Advantage	Weakness
Direct drive motor machine	The expected service life of the two kinds of motors is similar, including the rotor, stator, and output shaft, which provide torque for the ceramic billet and generate the rotor through electromagnetic induction to meet the basic throwing requirements.	Stable speed, strong strength, durability, fast speed response, high production quality	High price, large volume and weight, high maintenance cost, complex function, the need for a stable power supply
Frequency motor machine		Smooth speed adjustment, high energy efficiency, stable start and stop, good stability, high operation accuracy	Complex technology, high price, high operation technical requirements, may require professional installation, limited model selection

, the direct drive motor and the frequency conversion motor show their own unique characteristics. First, from the perspective of efficiency and performance, the frequency conversion motor performs well, with the significant advantages of high efficiency and accurate speed control. The direct drive motor is famous for providing stable and lasting torque; in terms of high precision control, it can flexibly adjust the operating parameters of the motor, to meet the diversified application requirements. In contrast, a direct drive motor mainly depends on mechanical transmission, and its control mode is relatively direct and simple, thus showing the limitation of control accuracy in some application scenarios. As for operation noise and vibration, the frequency conversion motor shows very low noise and vibration levels during operation, which becomes an ideal choice in scenes with high quiet and fine operation requirements. Although the direct drive motor also shows low noise and vibration, it is slightly inferior to the frequency conversion motor. Whether from the perspective of efficiency and performance, control accuracy, or noise and vibration, the two motors have their unique advantages and disadvantages. The selection of the appropriate motor type should be based on the needs of specific application scenarios and user preferences, and a comprehensive technical evaluation and comprehensive consideration. This comprehensive and in-depth analysis will help to better optimize the design and application of the pottery wheel machine, and improve the overall user experience and operational efficiency.

2.2. Different Structure Types of the Pottery Wheel Machine

In the pottery industry today, pottery wheel machines have evolved into three primary driving architectures: pedal, electric, and high-end professional. Pedal machines, with their simple structure and low cost, are ideal for beginners despite their limited precision. Electric pottery wheels, enhanced with motor drives, offer greater stability and precision, catering to professional needs. High-end professional machines incorporate advanced technologies like direct drive or frequency conversion motors, providing exceptional control and stability for high-end and professional ceramic creation. These driving architectures have led to diverse pottery wheel products used across education, art, and craft sectors. Customization continues to expand the range of specialized pottery wheel machines, ensuring suitability for all user groups.

Different types of pottery wheel machines, as outlined in

Table 2. Comparative analysis of different types of pottery wheel machines.

	Fixed Position	Advantage	Shortcoming
Down-to-foot pottery wheel	Professional crowd, traditional pottery crowd	No power, imitates traditional manual wheels, good sense of control, low maintenance cost, suitable for outdoor use	High technical requirements, not suitable for large scales of production, simple design, limited market choice
Mini pottery wheel	Children, home, and indoor groups	Small size, simple operation, low price, power saving, simple maintenance	Simple function, limited production size, insufficient strength and speed, low durability, limited advanced functions
Portable pottery wheel	For explaining and teaching, professional crowd	Light and easy to carry, suitable for small works, simple installation and disassembly, suitable for beginners, low price	Limited functional performance, limited production size, low durability and stability, insufficient force speed, and smooth working surface
High-end professional pottery wheel	Professional crowd, the factory	High performance, fully functional, precise control, durable, and has advanced features such as programmable control	It is expensive, bulky, requires maintenance, and may be too complex for beginners
Multi-functional pottery wheel	Tourists, research groups, students	One machine is multi-purpose, suitable for diverse needs, improves efficiency, is user-friendly, and contributes to technology learning	It may affect professional performance, high cost, complex maintenance, long learning and adaptation time, and complex design to affect durable stability
Silent pottery wheel	Indoor family	Low noise, improved work comfort, suitable for home studio, reduces hearing impact, using advanced technology to improve performance	Noise reduction technology increases cost, high price, maintenance requires expertise, may sacrifice performance, and limited market options

, each offer unique advantages and limitations, allowing users to select the most suitable model based on their specific needs and preferences for a more fulfilling pottery creation experience. Mini pottery wheel machines are ideal for children and novices due to their small size, simple structure, and affordability, making them perfect for indoor use. Silent pottery wheel machines, designed for home and studio environments, are environmentally friendly and unobtrusive. Multi-function pottery wheels cater to general enthusiasts, professional artists, and educational institutions by offering advanced features like adjustable turntable height and variable speed, supporting both basic needs and the pursuit of advanced ceramic art. Foot pottery wheel machines target professional clay artists and traditional ceramic masters who require intricate control and precision for complex tasks. Offering a diverse array of options, the pottery wheel market also includes high-end professional models suited for manufacturers and mass production settings. The continuous development of ceramic art and industrial production has led to innovations like direct drive motors, frequency conversion motors, and carbon brush motors, enhancing the performance and variety of pottery wheel machines available. This variety caters to a wide range of users, from beginners to seasoned professionals, and supports different scales of use, from home crafting to industrial production.

2.3. User Behavior Analysis

The design of the pottery wheel machine is mainly for individual ceramic lovers full of love for art and students who have a strong interest in pottery. Such people usually seek in-depth experience and learning of ceramic culture and skills during travel, leisure, or learning. They may come from different backgrounds and age groups, but the common characteristic is their enthusiasm and curiosity for the ancient art form of ceramic art, hoping to practice and experience the process of ceramic creation by operating the pottery wheel machine by hand. New novices often have high enthusiasm and motivation to learn and master new skills but lack professional experience in pottery making.

2.3.1. Observation Method to Record the Behavior Process

The core users of the pottery wheel machine design are pottery lovers and students. These user groups are often eager to experience the ceramic culture in travel, leisure or learning. They are full of enthusiasm for pottery, but most of them lack professional production experience, so they it is easy for them to encounter barriers to professional knowledge in the process of learning.

As shown in Figure 1, through the observation method, the whole process of throwing of novice ceramic users was systematically recorded, and the main production fragments from the preparation to the adjustment of the clay after the throwing were recorded in detail, and the students’ throwing behavior was drawn. Observation and analysis summarize the four key stages of the use process of pottery wheel machine: the preparation stage, initial setting stage, pottery wheel operation, and end operation stage. After further refinement, the four stages can be divided into 13 specific operation steps.

• Preparation stage: organizing the work area, preparing tools and materials, and checking the status of the machine. Ensuring stable and safe placement of equipment and power connection, and preparing and kneading the clay suitable for throwing use, removing bubbles to achieve appropriate humidity and flexibility.
• Initial setting stage: covering the steps of installing the clay, adjusting the speed, wetting the clay, and so on. The user should place the clay in the center of the turntable to ensure firm adhesion and adjust the speed of the turntable to ensure the operation stability and safety.
• Pottery wheel operation: the core of the whole process, involving central positioning, clay body raising, shape adjustment, and other steps. Users need to locate the clay through gestures and appropriate pressure and open, pull, and repair the clay. The clay forms a hole, and the clay is raised and formed through pressure and traction, and the clay further adjusts in shape and details.
• End of the operation stage: including stopping the rotation, taking out the clay body, cleaning the pottery wheel machine, and other steps. The user needs to gradually slow down and stop, wait for the work to dry, and clean the equipment to ensure the long-term and efficient operation of the pottery wheel machine.

The steps become more complicated and complex in the preparation stage to the pottery wheel operation stage. Novice users often encounter problems such as unstable clay body and poor shape control, which are difficult to be solved in a short time. The observations show that beginners need more guidance and support in the pottery wheel-throwing process to improve the operation efficiency and success rate.

To meet the needs of novice users, the guidance on the four key stages should be strengthened in teaching and practice, providing detailed operational guidelines and solutions to common problems. Through video teaching, demonstration operations, and other ways, novice users are able to master the throwing skills faster, improve the learning experience, and gain confidence. Systematic teaching design and support can effectively reduce the learning curve of novice users and promote the rapid improvement of ceramic skills.

2.3.2. Behavior Analysis of User Using Pottery Wheel Machine

In the ceramics production process, the use of a pottery wheel machine is very important, as it runs through the whole pottery wheel-throwing process. Looking at the production process, by focusing on how users make use of the pottery wheel, and conducting behavior analyses of the users, it is possible to identify aspects of the process that can be improved, as shown in

Table 3. Behavior analysis of the user using the pottery wheel machine.

The Stage	Focus on Aspects	User Behavior	Itchy Points	Pain Spot
Preparatory phase	Use clay to control	Do appropriate work to remove air bubbles	There is an insufficient or excessive amount of clay used	Unable to accurately control the amount of clay used
Preparatory phase	Material preparation	Ask about the clay suitable for use	Clay choice	Quality testing of the clay
Initial Settings	Human engineering	Adjust seat height	Hand comfort, the nature of the body posture	Often walking around, waist and neck problems prominent
Initial Settings	Equipment adjustment	Adjust the speed of the turntable through the control panel	Adjust the parameters of the pottery wheel machine	Speed, direction of rotation
Pottery wheel operation	Use habits	Add water and throw water	Specific usage habits	Wash your hands often and do not focus
Pottery wheel operation	Consuming situation	Keep both hands on the clay	Feel too long, expect a more efficient way of production	Often high failure rate
Pottery wheel operation	Work efficiency	Adjust the speed of the turntable by trampling, or using the control panel	Need to frequently pause and adjust equipment, and the whole process is not smooth	Constantly adjust the equipment
Pottery wheel operation	The safety problem of pulling clay	High-speed rotation positioning center	There is a clay splash when using the pottery wheel machine	The clay flies out at high speed

.

While observing the pain points of the ceramic students in the process of pottery wheel throwing, it was clear that the problems of what quantity of clay to use in the preparation stage and adjusting the clay center during the pottery wheel operation were particularly prominent. The use of more or less clay and difficulty of centering reflect that the existing pottery wheel machine is still not suitable for the modern urban population. As a result, the user will fail at the beginning of the throwing and have great uncertainty in their use of clay. It is easy for this to lead to an insufficient amount of clay and for the user to repeatedly add clay, which, in turn, causes a constant adjustment of the equipment to accommodate the body in the center of rotation. This then leads to the problem of inefficiency.

2.4. Academic Discussion of Multi-Dimensional User Needs

User clustering can help us identify the target groups for our products, effectively categorize users, accurately recognize and segment the layers of target users, and select representative groups for detailed analysis. In the design of pottery wheel machines, there are numerous user groups, yet everyone’s purpose and needs for using a pottery wheel machine still differ, which will impact the final design plan. Therefore, it is essential to use user clustering to determine the primary needs of the main users and, to the extent possible, consider the requirements of secondary and tertiary users for using the pottery wheel machine.

2.4.1. Draw the User Clustering

User clustering is a method of grouping users designed to gain a deeper understanding of the needs, preferences, and behavioral patterns of different groups.

As shown in Figure 2, the user base is divided into four categories: primary users, secondary users, tertiary users, and non-target users. This classification helps clarify the market positioning and marketing strategies for the product.

The main users of pottery wheel machines are art-loving beginners and students eager to learn about pottery, who value user-friendly designs, simplified operations, and educational resources. Secondary users include instructors, workshops, and occasional users who need versatile machines for teaching, small-scale production, or experiences. The third group includes schools, children, and non-art students, who benefit from educational and affordable options. Non-target users, such as professional ceramists and non-art enthusiasts, either require advanced tools or have little interest in pottery, so marketing efforts should focus on the primary target groups.

2.4.2. User Targets and User Needs

Through the analysis of user clustering, we can clearly identify the main goal, secondary goal, and ultimate goal pursued by different user groups when using the pottery wheel machine. These goals not only reflect the direct needs of users when operating the pottery wheel machine, but also reveal their deeper expectations, such as improving artistic accomplishment, enhancing practical ability, or simply enjoying the fun of ceramic creation. Based on these goals, we further refine the user needs and expectations, clarify the direction for our product design, and dig out the potential design value points. Users’ use goals, such as technology improvement, artistic experience, and entertainment, and the deep expectations behind them, such as cultural identity and emotional resonance, are all directions that we need to focus on and explore in the design process, as shown in

Table 4. User requirements analysis table.

User Clustering	Target Stratification	User Demand
Main users	Primary objective	Quick learning and mastering the basic skills of pottery, smooth entry
	Second objective	Increasing confidence through practice and creation, and finding new interests
	The fundamental goal	Exploring and developing a personal interest in pottery, maybe becoming involved in this artistic activity long-term
Secondary user	Primary objective	Using the pottery wheel machine as a teaching tool to improve teaching efficiency and quality
	Second objective	Stimulating students’ interest and creativity, and promoting the communication and cooperation between students
Third user	Primary objective	Improving work efficiency and creative quality to meet commercial and artistic creation needs

.

As shown in Table 4, the design of pottery wheel machines targets three main user groups: beginners and art lovers, educators, and professional artists and studios. Beginners and art lovers seek ease of use and a smooth learning experience, with features like simple interfaces and automatic speed control to enhance creativity and enjoyment. Educators require tools that facilitate teaching, with multi-user modes, real-time demonstrations, and safety features to engage students and enhance learning. Professional artists and studios prioritize performance, precision, and versatility, needing features like precise speed control and modular designs for diverse creations. By aligning product design with these user needs, pottery wheel machines can enhance user satisfaction and market competitiveness, achieving both commercial success and artistic value.

2.5. Chapter Summary

This chapter, through market research and user needs analysis, identifies significant deficiencies in traditional pottery equipment regarding positioning accuracy, automation level, and user experience. Manual pottery wheels are unfriendly to beginners, leading to material waste and operational difficulty. Although electric pottery wheels have improved, they still require users to have high mechanical skills. The current equipment’s automation level needs enhancement, necessitating substantial manual intervention by users. Therefore, user clustering was conducted to identify the primary users as novice pottery learners, not limited to teachers, educational institutions, and cultural tourism. By listing user design requirements for the pottery wheel, the necessary functions for the pottery wheel machine were clarified. This aims to enhance user experience and material utilization. This chapter provides the basis for the equipment design’s functionality and clarifies the direction for improvement.

3. Frame and Structure Design of the Second-Generation Pottery Wheel Machine

In view of the shortcomings of the operation complexity and maintenance cost of the traditional machine, the second-generation pottery wheel machine solves the pain points of the operation complexity and frequent maintenance, and realizes the automatic feeding function through the introduction of intelligent center positioning and an automatic feeding system. Users only need a simple operation so they can easily complete the high-precision pottery throwing operation, significantly improve the efficiency and convenience, and reduce the quality problems caused by operation errors.

3.1. Housing Structure

3.1.1. Overall Structure

The summarized framework of the second-generation machine is shown in Figure 3, and is mainly composed of six parts: pottery wheel mechanism, lifting mechanism, bearing mechanism, pull mechanism, power transmission mechanism, and shell. Through intelligent center positioning and an automatic feeding system, the pottery wheel mechanism significantly improves the operation accuracy and convenience of operation, so that users can easily realize high-quality pottery throwing; the lifting mechanism has a flexible adjustment function to ensure that the equipment can maintain the best condition under different working conditions; the load-bearing mechanism is designed to ensure the stability and safety of the whole machine; the pull mechanism is convenient for the loading and storage of clay materials, improving the operation efficiency and cleaning; the power transmission mechanism adopts advanced technology to provide efficient and stable power transmission to ensure the stability and consistency of the pottery wheel-throwing process. At the same time, the shell design considers both protection and beauty, which not only provides the necessary safety protection, but also improves the user experience through humanized design, making the operation panel more intuitive and convenient. The overall design has achieved a comprehensive upgrade in high efficiency, stability, and ease of operation so that the second-generation machine has higher practicability and popularity in the user group.

3.1.2. Framework Introduction

As shown in Figure 4, the shell frame structure is composed of five main parts, namely, the core machine cover, lift mechanism shell, top plate machine cover, core machine case, and side plate.

In the design of the pottery wheel, the traditional overall cast-in-place structure is adopted instead of the multi-modular shell assembly form. Through the organic combination of the core functional module and the shell architecture, the highly integrated and modular design is realized. As the basic structure of the pottery wheel machine, the pull mechanism, lifting mechanism, power transmission mechanism, support mechanism, and connection mechanism are reasonably set in the overall shell, to ensure the functional diversity and structural stability of the equipment. The pottery throwing mechanism at the top of the casing enhances user convenience, while the control panel on the side board offers an intuitive interface.

3.1.3. Structural Block Design

As shown in Figure 5, the overall assembly of the shell of the pottery wheel machine presents a highly modular design idea. The side of the inner wall of the side plate is connected with the power transmission mechanism and the control panel, respectively, and is combined with the top plate machine cover above it to form the basic shell skeleton of the pottery wheel machine. The front inner wall of the top plate machine cover is connected with the pottery wheel mechanism and the support mechanism, and the two sides of the rear inner wall are also interfaced with the support mechanism. In the middle, a key part of the overall structure is formed by connecting the core machine case. The lifting housing contains and protects the lifting mechanism to ensure its free movement and stability in the vertical direction.

As shown in Figure 6, the core machine case is the core of the whole shell, which is a connecting mechanism, connected to the top plate machine cover, the pottery wheel mechanism, and the inner wall of the top plate machine cover. The core machine case and the top plate machine cover are a set of components, and the core machine case cover is the top of the clay storage in the front half of the pull mechanism. The purpose is to prevent the excess clay from overflowing when the push rod is rolled out. The circular hole is to calibrate the position of the small platform in the lifting mechanism to ensure that the small platform passes smoothly through the pottery wheel mechanism.

As shown in Figure 7, the front half of the top plate machine cover is connected to the support mechanism and the pottery wheel mechanism, respectively. The front opening is to calibrate the load-bearing column in the support mechanism, the rear hole is the support mechanism between the pull mechanism and the top plate machine cover, and the largest circular hole is used to fix the pottery wheel mechanism. The rear part of the top plate machine cover connects to the remaining two support columns of the supporting mechanism on both sides, while the ten holes in the middle are used for attaching the pull mechanism.

The bottom of the top plate machine cover is connected to the upper end of the side panel. Since the operator performs pottery wheel work at the front of the pottery wheel machine, the design considers both operational experience and safety. The rear left side of the side panel connects to the power transmission mechanism. This setup ensures that the power transmission, which involves electrical circuits and other safety concerns, is kept at a safe distance from the operator. The power transmission mechanism needs to be separated from the pottery wheel mechanism to maintain rotational stability. The front right side is connected to the control panel, allowing the operator to use their left hand to touch the control panel and manage the machine’s operations. The side panel is not connected to any other parts.

3.1.4. Frame Assembly and Material Selection

As shown in Figure 8, the whole shell of the pottery wheel machine is made of Q235 hot steel plate, which has good corrosion resistance. The pottery wheel machine’s casing is made from Q235 hot-rolled steel plate, known for its corrosion resistance and durability, making it ideal for indoor pottery use. The design employs an 8 mm thick plate for the machine’s top cover to ensure stability, with a 3 mm thick plate for the side plates to facilitate transport. The core components are crafted from 5 mm thick material to maintain structural integrity. The Q235 steel’s versatility allows for easy processing into various shapes, aiding in the seamless installation of internal components—most parts are welded, while screws are used for disassembly in high-contact areas. Chosen for its combination of durability, ease of fabrication, and suitability to industrial standards, Q235 steel ensures the pottery wheel’s reliability and performance, as supported by experimental data. As shown in Figure 9 and

Table 5. Comparative analysis of the materials.

Parameters/Performance	Characterization	Value/Result
Material standards	National or international standards indicating materials	GB/T 700-2006
Chemical composition	C	About 0.22%
	Si	About 0.35%
	Mn	About 1.4%
	P	≤0.045%
	S	≤0.045%
Tensile strength	Represents the ability of the material to resist tensile destruction	About 370–500 MPa
Yield Strength	Minimum stress when the material begins a permanent deformation	About 235 MPa
Extensibility	Maximum elongation before breaking, which is shown as a percentage of the original length	About 26%
Heat treatment	Describes the heat treatment process of the material	Normalization treatment
Ballistic work	The ability of the material to resist impact under the specified conditions	Approx. 27J (at 20 °C)
Hardness	The ability of the material surface to resist hard pressure	About 120 HB

, these data justify its suitability as a material for pottery wheel casings.

In order to further verify the rationality of material selection, we use the basic formula of material mechanics and structural analysis to analyze the application of the Q235 thermal steel plate in the pottery wheel machine. The specific analysis is as follows:

• Top plate machine cover strength calculation

Set the width of the top plate machine cover to b = 500 mm and the bending moment applied M = 1000 Nm.

(1) Flexural strength

Bend-resistant section modulus S is:

$$S={\displaystyle \frac{b·h^2}{6}}={\displaystyle \frac{500\times {\left(8\right)}^2}{6}}={\displaystyle \frac{500\times 64}{6}}={\displaystyle \frac{32000}{6}}\approx 5333.33 {\mathrm{mm}}^3$$

(1)

Bending stress б is

$$\mathsf{\sigma }={\displaystyle \frac{M}{S}}={\displaystyle \frac{1000\times {10}^6}{5333.33}}=187.5 \mathrm{MPa}$$

(2)

In Q235 the steel yield strength is 235 MPa; in this case, the calculated value is lower than the yield strength, indicating that the top plate machine cover design is safe.

(2) Side plate strength and transport

Set up the width of the side plate b = 500 mm and length L = 1000 mm, weighted F = 5000 N.

① Tensile and compression strength

The force area A is:

A = b · h = 500 · 3 = 1500 mm² ≈ 0.0015 m²

(3)

The tensile or compressive stress force б is:

$$\mathsf{\sigma }={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{F}}{\mathrm{A}}}={\displaystyle \frac{5000}{0.015}}\approx 3.3\times {10}^6 \mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^2=3.33 \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$$

(4)

This stress value is much less than the yield strength of 235 MPa of Q235 steel, ensuring the strength of the side plate during transportation.

(3) Resistance to corrosion

Let the corrosion rate of the Q235 steel plate in a specific environment be 0.1 mm/year.

2.

Corrosion rate:

The value directly shows that the service life of the Q235 steel plate exceeds several decades in a pottery environment, which meets the service life requirements of the equipment.

Weight and stability analysis: Total equipment mass is assumed dm = 100 kg.

Weight and static force balance:

The weight W is:

W = m · g = 100 · 9.8 = 980 N

(5)

Considering the situation of the equipment overturning, the calculation shows that the stability design is reasonable:

Moment Balance Σ M = 0

(6)

Through these calculations, it can be verified that the Q235 hot steel plate applied to different thicknesses of the pottery wheel machine (such as top plate machine cover, side plate, core machine case, lifting shell, etc.) is reasonable, and its strength, corrosion resistance, and stability of the equipment are significantly guaranteed.

3.1.5. Framework Implementation Principles

The modular design of the pottery wheel machine’s outer casing optimizes the distribution of functional modules, providing a high level of integration and stability. The main modules include the side panel, top plate machine cover, core machine case, core machine cover, and the lift mechanism casing, all of which are tightly integrated to ensure ease of operation and safety. The front half of the top plate machine cover connects to the support and the wheel mechanism, while the rear half is equipped with openings for securing other components, achieving a functional and cohesive design. The top cover is made of 8 mm thick Q235 hot-rolled steel plate, offering excellent corrosion resistance and high hardness, suitable for harsh pottery environments, and ensuring the stability of the pottery wheel mechanism. The side panels, made of 3 mm thick Q235 hot-rolled steel plate, balance ease of transport and installation, and are designed with perforations and screw fixings for easy maintenance. The overall casing design emphasizes ease of processing and installation, using welding and screw fixings to ensure stability and convenient maintenance, with the support mechanism calibrated with load-bearing columns to ensure structural precision. The design is based on detailed experimental data and performance analysis, with the selection of a Q235 hot-rolled steel plate not only for its corrosion resistance and hardness but also for its ease of processing and installation, ensuring excellent performance in terms of functionality and durability for the ceramic wheel machine.

3.2. Pull Mechanism

3.2.1. Framework Introduction

As shown in Figure 10, the pull mechanism is one of the three core modules of the pottery wheel machine. It connects the slide rail with the core machine case and the core machine cover within the outer shell. This mechanism serves to store clay blocks, hold trimming tools, and automate the clay pushing process.

3.2.2. Structural Design

Figure 11 illustrates the pull mechanism’s design, featuring a modular combination for precise sludge management. The structure comprises a clay storage outlet, power installation, handle, partition, slide rails, and sliders. The clay storage and power installation parts are symmetrically positioned on the partition, with the storage handling the clay launch and the power ensuring accuracy.

The handle, positioned away from the partition, allows safe manual control. Slide rails on the core machine’s inner walls connect with the clay storage, enabling smooth horizontal movement. This design facilitates accurate clay introduction and central positioning for pottery wheel operations, enhancing precision and efficiency. The modular system ensures clay management efficiency, significantly boosting pottery production and offering practical and research value.

Figure 12 showcases the innovative design of the clay feeding storage and unit in the pull mechanism, incorporating components like the first box, push block, telescopic rod, flange, and clay feeding hole. The open-top first box facilitates effective clay storage, while the clay introduction hole ensures smooth material entry. The push block, connected to a telescopic rod, allows precise clay positioning for seamless delivery to the molding apparatus’ center, enhancing molding accuracy and success rates.

This design is particularly beneficial in educational settings where controlled clay usage is crucial. For beginners, the optimal clay size is a cylinder with a height of 100 mm and a radius of 44 mm, aiding in effective clay management. The first container is designed with dimensions of H = 100 mm, L = 250 mm, and W = 214 mm, supporting at least six automatic clay-pushing actions per fill. A conservative approach in estimating reliability ensures consistent equipment performance across various conditions.

The calculation formula is:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}{V}_1=H\times L\times W\\ V_2=\pi \times R^2\times H\end{array} \\ n=V_1/V_2\end{array}\right.$$

(7)

Figure 13 outlines the optimized power installation section, enhancing efficient and stable operation with components like the second box, third box, telescopic cylinder, telescopic rod, and top cover, alongside a shared partition and seal plate for space-saving simplicity. The telescopic cylinder is securely fixed within the second box, ensuring reliable power and smooth operation.

The third box is crucial for protecting power elements like the push block from external interference during operation, and doubles as a toolbox for storing throwing and trimming tools. This design enhances efficiency by facilitating easy tool access during clay replenishment and the trimming process. The top cover, flush with the shell, not only offers practicality and aesthetic appeal but also simplifies maintenance by providing easy access to components, ensuring long-term stable operation.

These design features provide significant benefits. They protect key power components, prolonging device lifespan, and offer multifunctionality by integrating a toolbox. Unified partition and seal plates contribute to compactness and stability, reducing maintenance challenges. By enhancing both operational efficiency and aesthetic appeal, the design aligns with modern industrial standards, boosting market competitiveness.

As shown in Figure 14, the connection between the pottery wheel mechanism and the core machine case includes two connectors. The two first connectors are one-to-one fixed connections with two sliders, the two second connectors are one-to-one corresponding slide rails, and the second connector is connected to the inner wall of the core machine case.

The beneficial effect of using the further scheme mentioned above is that the first connector is conducive to provide support for the pulling action of the pottery wheel mechanism and that the pull mechanism can be stably drawn out to realize its due function.

3.2.3. Frame Assembly and Material Selection

As shown in Figure 15, the vertical plate and the base plate are connected by welding in the pull mechanism. The seal plate and the partition are fixed to the rear and middle ends of the vertical plate using screws and nuts, allowing for easy disassembly and maintenance of the telescopic cylinder over time. The telescopic cylinder is welded to the inner wall of the seal plate and is fixedly paired with the telescopic rod. The telescopic rod passes through the partition and is welded to a flange, which is connected to the push plate with screws. The handle is welded to the outer wall of the seal plate.

The third box is fixed between the inner walls of the partition and the seal plate using screws and nuts. The top cover is fixed to the left side of the third box with screws and can be opened by rotating on hinges. The sliders are welded to both sides of the first box on the vertical plate.

The areas fixed with screws facilitate later disassembly and reassembly for maintenance of the power components, while the welded parts provide necessary structural support and ensure the stability of the mechanism.

3.2.4. Framework Implementation Principles

In the power installation section, operators use sliders and slide rails to maneuver the handle and extend the pull mechanism for placing clay into the first box. It is crucial that the clay’s height does not exceed the push block’s maximum height to avoid operational issues. Once the clay is placed, the operator pushes the pull mechanism forward until the top cover contacts the inner wall of the top plate machine cover, aligning the clay ejection hole with the lifting mechanism’s platform. Operators can access tools from the third box as needed before activating the telescopic cylinder via a control panel button. The telescopic rod then pushes the clay into the ejection hole, completing the process.

The slider must remain on the slide rail during both forward and backward movements to ensure precise positioning and system stability. After the initial clay load, operators can perform multiple loading operations without retracting the pull mechanism each time. The system allows for seven pushes before requiring clay replenishment, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing downtime for a smoother, more continuous pottery-throwing process.

3.3. Pottery Wheel Mechanism

3.3.1. Framework Introduction

As shown in Figure 16, the pottery wheel mechanism is one of the three core modules of the pottery wheel machine. The pottery wheel mechanism is fixed on the top plate machine cover and is the key mechanism for other institutions to realize the overall function after running their functions.

As shown in Figure 17, the pottery wheel mechanism consists of four core components: the pottery wheel, the bearing sleeve, the fixed module, and the rotational pulley module. The bearing sleeve is the most basic fixed component. The pottery wheel, fixed module, and rotational pulley module all achieve their functions based on their connection to the outer wall of the bearing sleeve.

3.3.2. Structural Design

As shown in Figure 18, The bearing sleeve in the pottery wheel mechanism serves as the foundation for other parts and has a cylindrical structure. Both its inner and outer walls are designed with specific logic. The inner wall features four semicircular protrusions at the quarter points, which complement the shape of the small platform in the lifting mechanism. The cylinder and the small platform are coaxially aligned to reduce interference when the small platform delivers clay material to the center of the pottery wheel plate. The outer wall includes screw holes and an annular retaining ring. The screw holes above the retaining ring are used to fix the pottery wheel plate, while the screw holes below are used to fix the rotational pulley module. The annular retaining ring determines the positioning of the fixed module. The bearing sleeve effectively links together the pottery wheel plate, rotational pulley module, and fixed module.

Figure 19 illustrates the installation diagram of the fixed module in the pottery wheel mechanism, which is fixed to the outer wall of the bearing sleeve and connected to the top plate cover of the housing, ensuring the entire pottery wheel mechanism is securely and stably installed in the housing. The fixed module consists of six parts: the upper flange, upper bearing, bearing retaining ring, lower bearing, lower flange, and module retaining ring. The upper flange corresponds to the upper bearing, with the upper and lower bearings each corresponding to the inner parts of the upper and lower flanges, respectively. The bearings are connected to the bearing sleeve. The upper and lower flanges are interconnected and pass through the top plate cover of the housing. The bearing retaining ring is used to separate the upper and lower bearings to prevent friction caused by simultaneous rotation. The module retaining ring is used to fix the lower bearing and lower flange and distinguish it from the rotational pulley module.

Figure 20 depicts the rotational pulley module of the pottery wheel mechanism, composed of the upper fixing ring, rotational pulley, lower fixing ring, and pulley retaining ring. Engineered for stability and precision, the upper and lower fixing rings are secured with screws, stabilizing the rotational pulley and ensuring effective power transmission through the motor belt drive. The pulley retaining ring aligns at the bottom of the bearing sleeve, solidifying the module’s structure.

Accompanying components include the sludge-catching plate, pottery wheel plate, and clay center hole. The basin-like sludge-catching plate mitigates clay splatter, maintaining cleanliness and reducing waste. The pottery wheel plate, aligned coaxially with the sludge-catching plate, aids torque transmission and clay shaping. The clay center hole aligns with the lifting mechanism’s platform, ensuring precise clay delivery.

This design is academically and practically significant, highlighting stable operation due to dual-ring fixing and precise positioning of components, thus reducing mechanical vibrations. The effective splatter control and enhanced torque transmission boost pottery efficiency. The integration of the clay center hole with the lifting platform minimizes errors and eases operation. As an experimental platform, this design is valuable for academic research and teaching, demonstrating a balance of function and aesthetics in modern industrial design. These optimizations improve the efficiency, stability, and research applicability of pottery equipment, offering valuable insights and references for future design innovations.

3.3.3. Dimension Selection

In designing the pottery wheel mechanism, ensuring full functionality involves precise alignment and dimensions. The small platform’s circular size, 80 mm in diameter, requires connection to the pottery wheel plate via a bearing sleeve, which must maintain this diameter as the central feeding port. The bearing sleeve’s height is crucial for stable vertical alignment, designed with an outer radius of 45 mm, an inner radius of 40 mm, and a height of 106 mm. This design also accounts for a 50 mm gap accommodating the fixed and rotational pulley modules, ensuring smooth operation.

The rotational pulley, requiring a height greater than the 14 mm belt, has an outer radius of 100 mm and a height of 20 mm. As direct connection to the bearing sleeve is unfeasible, fixing rings are integrated above and below the pulley, secured with screws. The fixing ring’s design features an inner radius of 40 mm, an outer radius of 85 mm, and a height of 8 mm, ensuring stability without exceeding the pulley’s inner dimensions. A 12 mm pulley retaining ring secures the module’s position beneath the bearing sleeve, meeting all dimensional requirements.

The specific data calculation process is shown as follows:

• Bearing sleeve

Function: Connect the small platform and the plate to maintain the shape and size of the central feed port.

Size: inner radius: r_inner = 40 mm

outer radius: r_outer = 45 mm

altitude: h_fixed = 106 mm

2.

Rotational pulley

Function: Transfer the rotational motion.

Size

Outer radius: r_outer = 100 mm

Altitude: h_rot = 20 mm

3.

Fixing ring

Function: Connect the rotating belt wheel and fix the cylinder.

Size:

Inner ring radius: r_inner = 40 mm (Connected to the fixed cylinder)

Outer ring radius: r_outer = 85 mm

Altitude: h_fixed-ring = 8 mm

4.

Pulley retaining ring

Function: Fixed rotating belt wheel module.

Size:

Altitude: h_ret = 12 mm

5.

Overall design considerations

Design and material of the bearing sleeve:

The wall thickness of the bearing sleeve: 45 mm − 40 mm = 5 mm

Area (cross-sectional area):

A_fixed = π(r²_outer − r²_inner) = π(45² − 40²) mm²
A_fixed = π(2025 − 1600) = π × 425 ≈ 1334 mm²

(8)

Rotational pulley design and material:

Area (cross-sectional area):

A_rot = π(r²_rot-outer) ≈ π × (100 mm) ² = π × 10⁴ = 31416 mm²

(9)

Fixing ring design and connection:

Inner-ring cross-sectional area of the fixing ring:

A_{fixed-ring-inner} = π(r²_inner) ≈ π × (40 mm) ² = π × 1600 = 5026 mm²

(10)

The cross-sectional area of the fixing ring:

A_{fixed-ring-outer} = π(r²_outer) − π(r²_inner) ≈ π(85² − 40²) = π(7225 − 1600) = π × 5625 ≈ 17671 mm²

(11)

6.

Engineering calculation demonstration: consider the force analysis of the rotating belt wheel connection module

Set force for F = 1000 N:

Bearing sleeve strength calculation:

Stress σ calculation:

$${\mathsf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{fixed}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{F}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1000 \mathrm{N}}{1334 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2}}=0.75 \mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2=0.75 \mathrm{MPa}$$

(12)

This stress is much lower than the permissible stress of Q235 (235 MPa), so the design is safe.

Strength calculation of the rotating belt wheel:

Stress σ calculation:

$${\mathsf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{rot}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{F}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1000 \mathrm{N}}{31416 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2}}=0.0319 \mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2=0.0319 \mathrm{MPa}$$

(13)

This stress is also well below the allowable stress of Q235, and the design is also safe.

Fixing ring connection strength:

Suppose that the rotating pulley receives the same force at the connection of the Fixing ring:

$${\mathsf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{fixed}\text{-}\mathrm{ring}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{F}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\text{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\text{-}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1000 \mathrm{N}}{17671 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2}}=0.0566 \mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}^2=0.0566 \mathrm{MPa}$$

(14)

Through these precise dimensions and mechanical calculations, the functionality of each part of the pottery wheel mechanism is fully realized, while also considering overall stability and precision. The bearing sleeve, with an inner diameter of 80 mm, provides a stable central feeding port and is strictly controlled in height to ensure compatibility with the top plate cover. The design of the rotational pulley, which exceeds the height of the belt, ensures the reliability of power transmission. The precise design and rational layout of the fixing rings and the pulley retaining ring make the entire rotational pulley module operate stably and securely. Ultimately, the system’s design enhances work efficiency and operational convenience, while also providing robust structural strength and stability. This demonstrates meticulousness and scientific precision in mechanical design, offering a scientifically sound reference for the modernization of pottery equipment design.

3.3.4. Framework Implementation Principles

Ensure all components of the pottery wheel, such as the pottery wheel plate, bearing sleeve, rotational pulley, and fixing rings, are correctly installed and securely tightened according to the manual. Check all screw holes, bolts, and connectors for stability and alignment. Before starting, place clay in the central feeding port of the pottery wheel plate, pressing it to maintain contact and adjusting the plate’s height to be level with the operating table for even force distribution during rotation.

Connect the power supply and start the equipment, adjusting the speed control knob to the desired speed. Beginners should opt for lower speeds, while experienced users can increase it for efficiency. Ensure the rotational pulley module drives the pottery wheel plate smoothly, checking for abnormal noises or vibrations. During operation, keep hands clean and moist, shaping the clay with steady force, adjusting speed as necessary for optimal results. After shaping, turn off the power, wait for a complete stop, and carefully remove the pottery piece using appropriate tools. Clean the equipment thoroughly, ensuring no clay residue remains, and regularly inspect connections to maintain optimal functionality, thereby maximizing efficiency, product quality, and equipment longevity.

3.4. Power Transmission Mechanism

3.4.1. Framework Introduction

As shown in Figure 21, the power transmission mechanism is used to assist the rotational pulley module on the pottery wheel mechanism, which helps provide a power source for the rotation of the pottery wheel plate.

3.4.2. Structural Design

Figure 22 illustrates the power transmission mechanism, which consists of a motor, a primary pulley, and a belt. The motor’s output shaft connects to the belt via the primary pulley, facilitating smooth power transfer to the rotational pulley module of the pottery wheel mechanism, thus ensuring efficiency and stability. The fixed cylinder design further stabilizes the pottery wheel plate by fitting precisely through the plate’s bottom and penetrating the top plate cover, maintaining structural consistency and minimizing operational vibrations and deviations, which are crucial for producing high-quality ceramics.

Within the flange of the pottery wheel mechanism’s fixed module, a bearing structure is incorporated. The bearing’s inner ring tightly fits with the bearing sleeve, rotating via the secondary pulley and belt driven by the motor, thus causing the pottery wheel plate to rotate while the flange and outer ring remain stationary. This design reduces friction in the transmission process, promoting efficient and stable operation. Additionally, a connecting mechanism with a rod structure secures the motor within the housing, minimizing vibrations and enhancing stability even under high load conditions, thereby increasing the overall reliability of the power transmission mechanism.

3.4.3. Framework Implementation Principles

During the operation of the power transmission mechanism, first ensure that the positions of the motor, primary pulley, and belt are correct and securely connected. Start the motor, and the output shaft of the motor first drives the primary pulley to rotate. The power is transmitted via the belt to the rotational pulley module of the pottery wheel mechanism, ensuring the smooth rotation of the pottery wheel plate. The fixed cylinder’s design precisely fits the through-hole at the bottom end of the pottery wheel plate, and the cylinder penetrating the top plate cover ensures overall structural consistency and stability during rotation.

As the operation continues, observe the motor working to drive the secondary pulley. The inner ring of the bearing is tightly fitted to the sidewall of the bearing sleeve, causing the bearing sleeve and the pottery wheel plate to rotate synchronously, while the flange and the outer ring of the bearing remain stationary, effectively reducing transmission friction and ensuring efficient and stable system operation. Meanwhile, the connecting mechanism on the side of the motor ensures that the motor is securely fixed within the housing, reducing instability caused by operational vibrations and ensuring prolonged stability even under high load conditions.

After completing the operation, turn off the motor power, and once the pottery wheel plate comes to a complete stop, carefully remove the formed pottery piece. Clean the equipment to ensure it is ready for the next operation. Following this comprehensive and detailed operational procedure ensures the efficient functioning of the power transmission mechanism, achieving the goal of producing high-quality ceramic products.

3.5. Lift Mechanism

3.5.1. Framework Introduction

As shown in Figure 23, the lifting mechanism functionally connects the extraction mechanism and the pottery wheel mechanism, operating as an intermediary mechanism between the two, playing a crucial role in bridging their operations.

3.5.2. Structural Design

As shown in Figure 24, the lifting mechanism design includes a lifting housing, a lifting cylinder, a lifting rod, a small flange, and a small platform. The lifting cylinder is installed inside the lifting housing, with the lifting rod connected to the lifting cylinder. The small flange is fitted onto the top end of the lifting rod and is fixedly connected to the outer wall at the top end of the small platform. The top end of the lifting housing can be connected to the lower front end of the extraction mechanism, enhancing the stability of the extraction mechanism during operation. When the extraction mechanism places the clay and inserts it into the housing, the small platform should be located directly below the clay ejection hole, with its size being less than or equal to the ejection hole size, allowing for the clay to be pushed up to the center of the pottery wheel mechanism.

The beneficial effects of the above design include: the lifting cylinder, lifting rod, small platform, and small flange together push the clay up to the center of the pottery wheel mechanism, helping the operator determine the center of the clay body. The lifting mechanism continues the function of the pottery wheel mechanism, pushing the clay to the center of the pottery wheel mechanism to facilitate its operation. The small platform uses the same material as the pottery wheel plate, maintaining consistency in product appearance when lifted to the top. In its design, a flange is embedded and welded to the bottom of the small platform, with a bearing welded inside the flange. The outer part of the bearing rotates while the inner lifting rod remains stationary. The size of the small platform matches the clay feeding hole of the pottery wheel, sequentially passing through the feeding hole at the front of the pottery wheel mechanism, the bearing sleeve, and finally reaching the top center of the pottery wheel plate to complete the loading. The parameters of the telescopic cylinder are consistent with those of the pottery wheel mechanism, enhancing overall design coherence and academic rigor.

3.5.3. Framework Implementation Principles

During the operation of the lifting mechanism, first ensure the stability of all components and connections, including the lifting housing, lifting cylinder, lifting rod, small flange, and small platform. Activate the extraction mechanism to accurately deliver the clay into the lifting housing through the extraction mechanism. At this point, ensure the small platform is located directly below the clay ejection hole, with its size being less than or equal to the size of the ejection hole. Activate the lifting cylinder, causing the lifting rod to raise the small platform, pushing the clay up through the ejection hole to the center of the pottery wheel mechanism. Throughout the process, the lifting cylinder, lifting rod, small platform, and small flange work together to ensure the clay is accurately positioned at the center of the pottery wheel mechanism, assisting the operator in centering the clay body.

After achieving the aforementioned operation, proceed with the pottery wheel process. The pottery wheel mechanism completes the final forming operation, ensuring consistency in the product’s appearance. Upon completing the operation, shut down the equipment and perform cleaning and maintenance to ensure smooth operation for the next session. This flow effectively connects the extraction mechanism and the pottery wheel mechanism through the lifting mechanism, fully playing its role in bridging operations, thereby improving overall production efficiency and product quality.

3.6. Support Mechanism

The support mechanism includes multiple pillars and multiple foot pads, with each foot pad connected to the corresponding bottom end of a pillar, forming a stable support structure. Specifically, the top end of each pillar is firmly connected to the inner wall at the top end of the housing, ensuring that the housing and the support mechanism form a single unit, thereby increasing the overall stability of the device. The function of the support mechanism is not only to fix the housing but also to stably secure the housing and all its internal connecting and operating components to the ground through the interaction of multiple foot pads and pillars, reducing displacement caused by vibrations or external forces.

This design not only considers the mechanical stability but also enhances operational precision and safety. The materials for the pillars and foot pads need to have high strength, corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance to ensure they do not easily deform or get damaged during long-term use. The bottom of the foot pads is designed with an anti-slip structure, further enhancing the device’s stability and preventing operational risks associated with ground slippage. Additionally, the height of the pillars can be adjusted according to actual needs to accommodate different working environments and conditions.

3.7. Chapter Summary

This chapter introduces the structural design and innovative features of the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine. It covers six aspects: the pull mechanism, pottery wheel mechanism, power transmission mechanism, lifting mechanism, support mechanism, and the outer shell. The design process of each mechanism is elaborated from the perspectives of overall architecture, structural design, material selection, and assembly. The focus is on addressing the issues left by the traditional pottery machine, including the need for users to manually center the clay, complex operations, difficulty in replacing parts, and challenges in cleaning and maintenance. The throwing mechanism and pull mechanism incorporate intelligent central positioning and automatic feeding systems, optimizing the user process and reducing the learning curve. The outer shell is replaced with Q235 steel and designed in a modular assembly format, enhancing the equipment’s stability and ease of maintenance. The precise and rigorous design structure also improves the product’s competitiveness.

4. The Second-Generation Pottery Wheel Machine Operation Control System

4.1. Organization Operation

The new design of the center of the pottery wheel machine is composed of four operation mechanisms and a support mechanism. Four operation mechanisms are needed through control panel control, the complete operation sequence for the pottery wheel mechanism, lifting mechanism, power transmission mechanism, pull mechanism, power transmission mechanism, and the lifting mechanism. The four institutions complement each other, eventually becoming the core part of the pottery wheel machine operation.

Figure 25 and Figure 26 comprehensively illustrate the operational workflow of the pottery wheel machine. Figure 25 employs model images to depict the process, while Figure 26 presents it through a technical workflow diagram. The sequence of operational mechanisms is as follows: the pull mechanism, the lift mechanism, the power transmission mechanism, the pottery wheel mechanism, and the lift mechanism. The diagrams specify that certain steps are executed via the control panel. Below is a detailed explanation of the pottery wheel machine’s operation:

Perform the first step by holding the handle, pulling the mechanism away from the feeding direction, Until the first box is fully exposed. Put the clay into the first box, and push the pull mechanism back to the shell, making the third box contact with the top of the shell, so that the pull mechanism of the clay hole is just located in the small platform of the lifting mechanism.

Then execute the second step through the control panel, by controlling the suction mechanism to push the cylinder forward, which in turn pushes the clay forward to the position of the clay feed-out hole, and finally puts the clay on the small platform of the lifting mechanism.

Then perform the third step through the control panel: the lift mechanism will push the telescopic cylinder upward, moving the small platform up through the clay feed-out hole; at the same time, the small platform drives the clay up to continue through the pull mechanism fixed drum, from the position of the clay center hole to the center of the plate.

Finally, the fourth step is implemented to control the motor work in the power transmission mechanism through the control panel. The power is transmitted to the throwing plate through the first belt wheel, belt, rotating belt wheel, and bearing sleeve, so that the throwing plate drives the small platform to rotate at the same time, and then drives the clay material at the center of the throwing plate to rotate. So far, the four core institutions of the pottery wheel machine have completed the function of the center.

After the user finishes the pottery wheel machine, the power transmission mechanism should be suspended through the control panel, and the pottery wheel mechanism is also stopped. The user can wait for some time to cut off the ceramic works, and then control the expansion cylinder to move downward through the control panel. The small platform is in place and located in the position of the clay feed-out hole. If the user needs to carry out the second throwing behavior, he can continue to perform the second step. If there is no clay material for the user to continue to pull the clay, it is necessary to return all four institutions to the initial state and execute step 1.

4.2. The Control Panel

The control panel is located on the left side of the pottery wheel machine, which controls the telescopic cylinder of the pottery wheel mechanism, the telescopic cylinder of the lifting mechanism, and the motor in the power drive mechanism, respectively, corresponding to the third, fourth, and sixth steps in the operation of the control mechanism. The interface design is shown in Figure 27. The specific operation codes are explained in detail in the Appendix A.

4.2.1. Use of the Controller

The controller of this mechanism uses Arduino Mega 2560, with 54 digital I/O pins and 16 analog inputs, which can meet the complex requirements of multi-sensor and multi-actuators. It has 256 KB of flash memory, enough to store complex programs, and an operating speed of up to 16 MHz, capable for tasks with high real-time requirements, and rich open-source community resources, with easy access to support and code examples.

Specific use method:

• Install Arduino IDE: Download and install the official Arduino IDE website.
• Install Arduino Support Package for MATLAB: Open MATLAB and enter support Package Installer in the command window. Follow the prompts to install the Arduino support package.
• Connect the Arduino Mega 2560: Connect the Arduino Mega 2560 to the computer via a USB cable.
• Write MATLAB code: In MATLAB, you can use the following code for basic control and sensor reading.
  % Create the Arduino object
  a = arduino(‘COM3’, ‘Mega2560’);
  % Configuration pin
  pinMode(a, ‘D10’, ‘PWM’); % Set the D10 pin to the PWM output
  pinMode(a, ‘A0’, ‘Input’); % Set the A0 pins as the analog input
  % Control of the PWM output
  writePWMVoltage(a, ‘D10’, 3.3); % A PWM signal output of 3.3 V at the D10 pin
  % Read the analog sensor value
  sensorValue = readVoltage(a, ‘A0’); % Read the voltage value of the A0 pin, ranging from 0 to 5 V
  disp(sensorValue);
• Upload code to Arduino: You can also use Arduino IDE to directly write and upload the program to Arduino Mega 2560. Real-time communication and data processing using the MATLAB code.

4.2.2. Selection of Sensors

The mechanism sensor is selected as a Rotary Encoder (such as an incremental encoder), a model EC11 rotary encoder, so that the sensor can accurately detect the angle and speed of rotation, and is an important sensor for mechanical motion control and positioning. Providing real-time location information is beneficial to realize the closed-loop control system, which is connected to the digital input pin of the controller and makes it easy to obtain data.

Specific use method

• Hardware connection
• Rotate the pin of the encoder:
  There are usually 5 pins: VCC, GND, SW, DT (Data) and CLK (Clock).
  VCC Connect to a 5 V power supply (confirm compatibility).
  GND landing.
  DT and CLK connect the digital input pins of the controller (such as D2 and D3 of Arduino Mega 2560).
• Software configuration
  Install the required libraries: install dependent libraries such as Encoder libraries. It can be installed in the Arduino IDE via the Library Manager.
  Write Arduino code: use the function of the Encoder library to read the data of the rotary encoder.
  #include <Encoder.h>
  // Create a Encoder object that connects the DT and the CLK pins
  Encoder myEnc(2, 3);
  void setup() {
   Serial.begin(9600);
   Serial.println(“Basic Encoder Test:”);
  }
  long oldPosition = −999;
  void loop() {
   // Location of the read encoder
   long newPosition = myEnc.read();
   if (newPosition != oldPosition) {
    oldPosition = newPosition;
    Serial.println(newPosition);
   }
   delay(100); // Appropriate read interval
  }
• MATLAB Read data: Read and process rotation data from encoder in MATLAB:
  % Parameter configuration
  port = “COM3”; % Replace with your port number
  baudRate = 9600;
  s = serialport(port, baudRate);
  configureTerminator(s, “CR/LF”);
  flush(s);
  % Read the encoder data in real-time
  while true
    if s.NumBytesAvailable > 0
       data = readline(s);
       encoderValue = str2double(data);
       disp([‘Encoder Position: ’, num2str(encoderValue) ]);
    end
    pause (0.1); % Read interval
  end
• Closed-loop control implementation
  Closed-loop control of the pottery wheel mechanism can be achieved by reading the value of the rotary encoder in real-time. This requires feedback of encoder data into control algorithms, such as PID control, which allow the system to be corrected according to the real-time location. PID control algorithm: compare the current position provided by the encoder with the target position, calculate the error, and adjust the output of the controller by using the PID algorithm. Specified as shown in Appendix A.

4.2.3. Implementation of Motion Control

The realization of motion control adopts the Pololu G2 High-Power Motor Driver 18v25, supports a high current (up to 25 A continuous current, peak up to 50 A), and is suitable for driving high-power motors. The speed and direction of the motor can be controlled by the PWM signal, with good controllability and comprehensive protection functions, including current limit, thermal shutdown, and under voltage protection, to ensure the safe operation of the system.

• Specific use method

(1) Hardware connection

As shown in

Table 6. Motor driver pin descriptions.

VIN	Power Supply Cathode (Within the Rated Voltage Range of the Driven Motor)
GND	Power supply and signal
VM	Motor power supply
OUTA/OUTB	Electrical output
PWM	Receive the pulse width modulation signal to control the speed
DIR	Directional control
SLP	Dormant pin (high level operation, low level into sleep mode)
FLT	Fault pin

, Pololu G2 18v25Motor Driver Pin description:

(2) Software configuration

Arduino Code: Use the PWM signal to control the motor speed and control the motor direction through the direction pin. Specified as shown in Appendix B.

2.

Closed-loop control implementation

The above code connection configuration and control enables basic motor control. Combined with the encoder feedback, closed-loop control can be implemented to precisely control the speed and position of the motor. Closed-loop control design: feedback on the position of the encoder and compare it with the target position, calculate the error, and adjust the PWM output with the PID controller. Specified as shown in Appendix C.

4.2.4. Selection of Communication Equipment

The communication equipment model is the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module. The ESP8266 module can be connected to a Wi-Fi network to realize wireless communication, which is suitable for remote control and monitoring. This makes it low cost, powerful, and suitable for a variety of IoT applications. It is supported by an AT instruction set and enables simple interaction with other devices through serial communication. It can also be programmed and directly controlled.

• Specific use method

(1) Hardware connection

As shown in

Table 7. Communication module pin descriptions.

VCC	Power Supply (3.3v)
GND	Power supply and signal
TX	Send data pins
RX	Receive data pins
CH_PD(EN)	Enabling pin (connected to a high level to make the module work)
GPIO0	Universal input/output pin
GPIO2	Universal input/output pin
RST	Reset the pin

, description of the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module pin:

(2) Software configuration

In Arduino, there are two ways to communicate with ESP8266. One is to use an AT instruction set and direct control with Arduino programming (through firmware of ESP8266, such as NodeMCU). Specified as shown in Appendix D.

(3) Direct control by using the Arduino programming

You can write code directly to manipulate ESP8266, load firmware (such as NodeMCU), and program through Arduino IDE. Specified as shown in Appendix E.

5. Discussion

5.1. Performance Evaluation of the Second-Generation Pottery Wheel Machine

To evaluate the improvements in quality and efficiency of the intelligent pottery wheel machine, a series of comparative experiments were designed. The experiments included two groups: the traditional pottery wheel machine (control group) and the intelligent pottery wheel machine (experimental group). Each group consisted of 10 participants who engaged in pottery making, with measurements taken for material utilization, success rate of throwing, and production efficiency.

5.1.1. Material Utilization, Success Rate of Throwing, and Production Efficiency

The performance of pottery wheel machines can be effectively assessed through two key metrics: material utilization and the success rate of throwing. These metrics offer insights into the efficiency and efficacy of the pottery production process.

(1)

Material utilization

Material utilization refers to the proportion of materials actually used in the finished product, relative to the total material input during pottery production. Higher material utilization indicates less material waste. This can be determined by measuring the weight or volume of the total input material and the finished product material. By employing this method, precise data on the clay’s weight before and after use can be collected, facilitating an evaluation of improvements in material consumption performance.

Calculation method:

Total clay usage: record the total amount of clay used in each production process.

Finished product material: record the actual amount of clay used in the final product.

The formula for material utilization is as follows:

$$Material utilization (\%)=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d} \mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t} \mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}{Total Material Input}}\right)\times 100\%$$

(15)

(2)

Success rate of throwing

The success rate of throwing is the ratio of the number of successfully created pottery pieces to the total number of production attempts. A higher success rate indicates better production efficiency and effectiveness. To measure these metrics, the number of attempts and the number of successfully completed products can be recorded. This method is used to evaluate improvements in the performance of pottery wheel machines.

Calculation method:

Total number of attempts: record the total number of production attempts made during the experiment.

Number of successful finished products: record the number of successfully completed products during the experiment.

The formula for the success rate of pottery production is as follows:

$$Successrate of throwoing \left(\%\right)=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{l} \mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t} \mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}{Total Attempted Productions}}\right)\times 100\%$$

(16)

(3)

Production efficiency:

Production efficiency here refers to the time taken to complete the first pottery piece, reflecting the machine’s quick response capability and ease of use for the user during initial operation. Shorter completion times indicate a more efficient machine, allowing users to adapt and operate more quickly, thereby enhancing overall production efficiency. To measure this metric, record the time each participant takes from starting the operation to successfully completing their first piece. This method is used to evaluate the efficiency performance of different pottery wheel machines during initial use.

Calculation method:

Completion time: record the time each participant takes from starting the operation to successfully completing their first pottery piece, rounding the time for easier analysis.

By comparing the average time taken by participants in each group to complete their first pottery piece, one can assess and compare the efficiency of different pottery wheel machines during initial use, determining which equipment has the advantage in terms of quick response and ease of operation.

5.1.2. Experimental Plan

In this experiment, participants are divided into two groups: one using traditional pottery wheel machines and the other using intelligent pottery wheel machines. By recording the time taken to complete the first piece, the number of pieces completed within 60 min, the number of successful pieces, and the change in material weight after the first throwing operation, the experiment systematically evaluates the improvements in efficiency, success rate, and material utilization of the new intelligent pottery wheel machine. The specific experimental steps are outlined in the

Table 8. Experimental plan.

Experiment Procedure	Specific Plan	Purpose
Confirm the experimental subject	Divide the participants into two groups, using a traditional pottery wheel and a smart pottery wheel, respectively	Objectively assess the performance differences between the two devices under the same conditions
Time log	Record the time each participant first completes a pottery piece, regardless of success	Compare average first completion time to evaluate equipment efficiency
Work weight record	Weigh the piece after the first round of throwing; if the piece fails, weigh the discarded clay	Compare the average material utilization rates of the two groups to assess the level of savings
Fixed duration test	Participants have 60 min to complete as many pieces as possible. A professional instructor will assess whether the pieces meet the standards, and the number of completed and successful pieces will be recorded (the criteria for successfully forming clay pieces is that the work must have a width of at least 65 mm and a height of at least 85 mm)	Calculate the average success rate and make comparisons to evaluate machine performance

:

5.1.3. Experimental Equipment and Parameter Comparison

As shown in the Figure 28, there are two types of experimental equipment: a standard traditional pottery wheel machine and a new intelligent pottery wheel machine. Each type was used by two separate groups. Both groups were equipped with timers and electronic scales to facilitate the collection of final metrics and data.

As shown in

Table 9. Comparative analysis of detailed data between traditional and second-generation machines.

Product Name	The Traditional Machine	The Second-Generation Machine	Comparison
Device dimensions	600 × 420 × 405 mm	900 × 676 × 600 mm	Bigger
The number of products per second	0–300	0–300	Equal
Turntable diameter	25–30 cm	38 cm	Bigger
Product steering	Positive and negative can turn	Positive and negative can turn	Equal
The fuselage surface	High-temperature spray plastic	Metal just Q235	More Stable
Product power	250/350w	250/350w	Equal
Product voltage	220v	220v	Equal
Product control speed	Infinite variable speed	Infinite variable speed	Equal
Weight	15 kg	35 kg	More Stable
Clay material installation	Hand movement	Automatic	Durable
First positioning method of clay materials	Hand movement	Automatic	Stabilized
First positioning time of clay material	Manual/5–10 min	Automatic/1–2 min	Saves effort
Clay dosage	Disproportionate	Balanced	More precise
Clay body quality	Each time is different	Relatively consistent	More precise
Beginner’s first throwing quality	Poor	Preferences	Easier

, a detailed comparison of the parameters between the traditional and second-generation pottery machines is provided. Both machines are similar in terms of product power, voltage, control speed, and the ability to rotate in both directions. The second-generation machine features a larger body size and turntable diameter, with a more stable metal body surface, making it heavier and more durable. It is equipped with automated clay installation and positioning functions, significantly reducing the positioning time to 1–2 min, compared to the 5–10 min required for manual operation with the traditional machine. This new model offers balanced clay usage and more consistent clay quality, making it easier for beginners to achieve higher-quality initial throws.

5.2. Comparative Experimental Results

As shown in

Table 10. Sample data for traditional pottery wheel machine group.

Sample ID	First Completion Time (minutes)	Number of Completed Works	Number of Successful Works	Success Rate (%)	Waste Clay Weight (g)	Finished Product Weight (g)	Material Utilization Rate (%)	First Attempt Success (Yes/No)
1	16	4	3	75	312.7	887.3	73.9	Yes
2	14	3	1	33.33	802.5	397.5	33.1	No
3	15	4	2	50	612.3	587.7	49	No
4	18	5	4	80	256.9	943.1	78.6	Yes
5	12	4	3	75	300.5	899.5	75	Yes
6	17	3	1	33.33	798.4	401.6	33.5	No
7	15	4	2	50	603.2	596.8	49.7	No
8	13	5	4	80	253.4	946.6	78.9	Yes
9	14	4	3	75	299.9	900.1	75	Yes
10	16	3	2	66.67	400	800	66.5	No
Average	15	3.9	2.5	61.80	464.2	735.8	61.3	\

and

Table 11. Second-generation pottery wheel machine group sample data.

Sample ID	First Completion Time (minutes)	Number of Completed Works	Number of Successful Works	Success Rate (%)	Waste Clay Weight (g)	Finished Product Weight (g)	Material Utilization Rate (%)	First Attempt Success (Yes/No)
1	9	6	5	83.33	208.7	991.3	82.6	Yes
2	11	5	3	60	358.9	841.1	70.1	No
3	10	6	4	66.67	324.6	875.4	72.9	Yes
4	8	7	6	85.71	156.3	1043.7	86.9	Yes
5	12	6	5	83.33	209.8	990.2	82.5	Yes
6	9	5	3	60	363.5	836.5	69.7	No
7	10	6	4	66.67	322.4	877.6	73.1	Yes
8	11	7	6	85.71	189.3	1010.7	84.2	Yes
9	8	6	5	83.33	153.7	1046.3	87.2	Yes
10	10	5	4	80	245.7	954.3	79.5	Yes
Average	9.8	5.9	4.5	75.5	253.3	946.7	78.9	\

, the two tables illustrate the performance differences between the traditional pottery wheel machine group and the intelligent pottery wheel machine group across several key metrics. Participants using the traditional pottery wheel machine group had longer first completion times and relatively lower success rates, with some failing to successfully create pottery works on their first attempt. They also produced higher waste clay weights and lower finished product weights. In contrast, participants using the intelligent pottery wheel machine group achieved shorter first completion times, higher success rates, and most successfully created works on their first attempt. They also had lower waste clay weights and higher finished product weights.

Figure 29 compares the mean values of three key metrics: time to first completion, success rate, and material utilization rate between the traditional pottery wheel machine group and the intelligent pottery wheel machine group.

For the time to first completion, the intelligent pottery wheel machine group averaged 9.8 min, whereas the traditional pottery wheel machine group averaged 15 min, indicating a significant advantage in operational convenience for the intelligent pottery wheel machine. In terms of success rate, the intelligent pottery wheel machine group had an average success rate of 75.5%, significantly higher than the 61.8% of the traditional pottery wheel machine group, demonstrating the intelligent pottery wheel machine’s effectiveness in improving the success rate of works. Regarding material utilization rate, the intelligent pottery wheel machine group had an average material utilization rate of 78.9%, compared to 61.3% for the traditional pottery wheel machine group, proving the intelligent pottery wheel machine’s advantage in material utilization.

The intelligent pottery wheel machine outperforms the traditional pottery wheel machine in operational convenience, success rate, and material utilization rate, highlighting its significant advantages in improving production efficiency and reducing material waste. It is user-friendly for participants new to pottery wheel techniques while also accommodating traditional pottery makers.

5.3. Advantages of the Second-Generation Pottery Wheel Machine

• Central positioning: to improve the accuracy rate and quality

As shown in Figure 30, the intuitive comparison reveals the difference between manual feeding and automatic feeding, with the machine-made clay body showing regular, uniform, and stable characteristics in the ceramic manufacturing process. Central positioning is the key step to ensure the symmetry and aesthetics of the clay. The traditional pottery wheel machine mainly relies on manual alignment, which not only consumes time and effort but also requires the skill of operators. It also introduces careless positioning errors, thus affecting the consistency and symmetry of the finished product. In addition, due to many human factors, the repetitive operation is easy to lead to operation fatigue and error, which further affects the product quality.

In contrast, the second-generation machine revolutionized the central positioning process by using an automatic alignment system. The automatic calibration of the middle system uses high-precision sensors and an advanced control system to ensure that the clay is always in the best position. This not only shortens the positioning time but also greatly improves the accuracy and consistency of positioning. The high-precision sensor automatically adjusts the position by monitoring the small movement of the clay, eliminating human error. Therefore, the automatic matching system not only improves production efficiency and product quality but also reduces the work burden of the operators.

2.

Automatic feeding: time efficiency and labor-saving

The introduction of an automatic feeding system is a major innovation of the second-generation pottery wheel, which significantly improves the production efficiency and operation convenience. In the traditional pottery wheel, the feeding process needs to be completed manually by the operator, which not only consumes a lot of time and energy but also is prone to clay damage caused by negligence or operation error, resulting in production delay and waste of resources.

The second-generation pottery wheel solves these problems through the automatic feeding system. The system, which usually consists of a manipulator or conveyor belt, delivers clay automatically, continuously, and smoothly to the working area. The application of an automatic feeding system greatly shortens the feeding time and improves the overall efficiency of the production line. Operators no longer need to perform frequent manual labor, which not only reduces operation errors caused by fatigue, but also significantly reduces labor intensity and improves job safety. In addition, the automatic feeding system can also carry out continuous operation, avoid stagnation in the production process, and further improve production efficiency.

3.

Time efficiency and labor-saving

In terms of time efficiency and effort, the first-generation pottery wheel machine operation process is relatively complex, requiring frequent manual adjustment. The operation is not only time-consuming, but also increases the chance of error, especially when the production task is heavy and operators easily feel fatigued, thus affecting the work efficiency and product quality.

The optimization design of the second-generation pottery wheel is reflected in many aspects. First of all, the simplified operation process and humanized interface design make the operation more intuitive and convenient, that even a novice can quickly get started. Second, highly automated systems can intelligently adjust working parameters, reducing the need for human intervention. Through the improvement of the degree of automation, the second-generation pottery wheel significantly shortens the time of each production cycle and greatly improves the overall production efficiency. At the same time, the frequent manual operation and adjustment are reduced, the labor intensity of the operators is greatly reduced, and the working environment is more comfortable and safer. Efficient automated systems not only improve time efficiency, but also ensure the stability of the production process and product consistency.

4.

The quality of the user’s operation by pottery wheel machine

In addition to comparing the clay bodies produced by the machine with those made by hand, this paper also needs to explore the differences in the quality of pottery works produced by users using other machines versus the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine. The test subjects are limited to student beginners, considering that college students are more receptive to the use of equipment and the explanation of rules. Beginner users have the same level of acceptance when using the same pottery throwing technique. Different machines will have different effects on their behavior within the same time frame, and the final thrown products will also differ.

As shown in Figure 31, these are the results produced by beginner users operating on different machines. From the performance of the finished products in the left and right images, it can be seen that within the same time frame, the results produced using the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine are superior to those produced by existing equipment. This not only improves the success rate of beginner users in pottery throwing operations but also raises the lower limit of the quality of the works.

After using the machines, user feedback was collected. It was found that using the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine reduce the need for clay processing and handling, saving time wasted on loading and positioning. Users only need to focus on the shape of the work produced during rotation, without worrying about the stability of the clay on the wheel. Overall, the operation was more likely to succeed.

6. Conclusions

This paper discusses the significant advantages of the intelligent pottery wheel machine in terms of central positioning, automatic feeding, clay storage, user experience, and mechanical strength. By comparing the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine with the traditional, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Central Positioning: The second-generation pottery wheel machine incorporates a control panel, and the integration of an automated system with high-precision sensors improves the accuracy of clay positioning. The lifting mechanism’s small platform, combined with the bearing sleeve, ensures that the clay body is stably and quickly elevated to the center of the throwing wheel. This guarantees that the clay body maintains an initial cylindrical shape during the preliminary throwing stage, preserving the symmetry and consistency of the clay before the rotation process.

2. Automatic Feeding: The automatic feeding system within the pull mechanism significantly enhances the convenience and time efficiency of manual operations. The addition of a power push system and the program-controlled automated continuous feeding setting ensure that the push plate automatically advances the clay. This significantly reduces clay waste during loading and changing processes, making the throwing process more environmentally friendly and sustainable, and optimizing the utilization of clay material during the initial throwing operation.

3. Clay Storage Mechanism: The clay storage section replaces the need for manual assessment of clay density and quality. Combined with the power push section, it ensures that the clay body maintains relatively stable quality under objective conditions. The second-generation pottery wheel machine draws clay from the storage section during each material change, eliminating the need for manual supervision of clay quality.

4. User Experience: The focus is on beginners while simplifying the operation process for industry workers. The core is to save manual replenishment time, reduce the labor intensity of adding clay, minimize the calibration of clay position, and directly proceed with the throwing operation. The power push module, through pressure pushing, ensures that the clay body exhibits high quality and balanced density, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional manual repeated clay addition to maintain the stability of the clay body quality and avoiding repeated manual adjustments of the clay body center position.

5. Mechanical Strength: Compared to the traditional pottery wheel machine, the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine adopts a lightweight and modular design. All components are made of lightweight yet sturdy materials. The superior performance of tempered materials increases the stability of the equipment. With the same material utilization rate, the modular design structure of the second-generation machine ensures that each mechanism operates with minimal material while having clear division of labor and tight cooperation.

Comparative experimental results indicate that this equipment has certain advantages in saving clay material, improving throwing efficiency, and increasing the success rate of pottery throwing. While maintaining basic parameters such as product rotation speed and direction, the initial positioning time is only 1–2 min to achieve automatic calibration and central positioning, with a central error rate of less than 5%. Compared to machines on the market that require manual calibration of the clay center, the pre-throwing operation time is nearly doubled. Looking to the future, integrating intelligent pottery wheel machines that improve material utilization into the broader concept of sustainable development holds promise. These automated devices can improve material efficiency by minimizing waste, thereby promoting green economic development. Although the second-generation pottery wheel machine effectively reduces cumbersome and ineffective manual operations, after prolonged use, clay will inevitably appear on various mechanisms. Post-maintenance will also require manual cleaning to ensure the effective and normal operation of the machine. Future equipment design can focus on mechanical maintenance to reduce attention to other parts of the process.

The transition from manual craft equipment to automated equipment carries certain risks. The automated solutions fundamentally differ from manual craftsmanship. Large-scale use of automation to replace operations that originally required manual labor may lose the essence of the craft techniques. However, the second-generation pottery wheel machine effectively avoids this issue. The design goal is to address the technical barriers in manual craftsmanship, thereby reducing the difficulty of these techniques, making them more accessible to the general public and the market. The core throwing technique still requires manual operation, returning to the essence of the craft rather than being completely replaced by automation.

Overall, this paper begins by introducing the design background of the intelligent pottery wheel machine, analyzing and comparing the deficiencies of various models available on the market, and extracting the innovative design points. It then analyzes the primary target audience and specific classifications, summarizing the design requirements for each category of pottery wheel users. Subsequently, the development of the first and second-generation pottery wheel devices is guided, detailing the operational logic and processes of the equipment. Finally, experimental data are used for comparison to verify the effectiveness of the improvements. The paper explores the potential applications of intelligent devices in traditional crafts and their contributions to sustainable development. This structure aims to provide a clear logical framework to help readers better understand the advantages and future development directions of intelligent pottery wheel machines.

Essentially, the second-generation intelligent pottery wheel machine demonstrates how intelligent devices can enhance traditional craftsmanship while contributing to more sustainable and efficient ceramic production practices.