Evaluating the Plastic Anisotropic Effect on the Forming Limit Curve of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Marciniak Tests and Digital Image Correlation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microstructural Characterization
3.2. Mechanical Characterization
3.3. Formability Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Microstructural Characterization
4.2. Mechanical Characterization
4.3. Lankford Anisotropy Coefficients
4.4. Formability Evaluation
5. Conclusions
- The microstructural analysis revealed the stability of microstructural properties; the intermetallic phases, particularly, remained stable during the deformation process. No significant modification of intermetallic phases such as omega and theta was observed, indicating that the deformation did not alter the phase composition.
- The formability evaluation indicated that the experimentally measured limit strains were lower than the theoretically predicted values based on the strain hardening coefficient (n). However, despite the low differences, the forming limit curves were able to capture the dependence of the strain hardening coefficient in the results.
- Despite the slight differences in the anisotropy values, these demonstrate how the limit strain values vary depending on the anisotropy. In particular, the diagonal direction (DD) shows a higher anisotropy value (R = 1.07), which results in higher limit strains compared to the other directions. This indicates a greater deformation capacity in this direction, while the rolling (RD) and tangential (TD) directions present lower anisotropy values and, therefore, lower limit strains. The observed uniformity in plane strain suggests that, under this loading condition, the material exhibits a homogeneous response, regardless of the rolling direction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Orientation, ° | YS (0.2%), MPa (SD) | UTS, MPa (SD) | EI, % (SD) | n, (SD) | k, (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RD | 337 (7.86) | 446 (0.86) | 16.5 (1.33) | 0.14 (0.01) | 540 (10.3) |
DD | 321 (3.61) | 446 (3.39) | 17.1 (0.71) | 0.15 (0.01) | 537 (1.16) |
TD | 324 (4.04) | 452 (3.08) | 16.5 (0.67) | 0.16 (0.01) | 563 (1.59) |
R0 | R45 | R90 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.82 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.97 | −0.09 |
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Iquilio, R.; Fehrmann, K.; Núñez Sepúlveda, S.; Tesser, E.; Valín, M.; Valín, J.L. Evaluating the Plastic Anisotropic Effect on the Forming Limit Curve of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Marciniak Tests and Digital Image Correlation. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178082
Iquilio R, Fehrmann K, Núñez Sepúlveda S, Tesser E, Valín M, Valín JL. Evaluating the Plastic Anisotropic Effect on the Forming Limit Curve of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Marciniak Tests and Digital Image Correlation. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):8082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178082
Chicago/Turabian StyleIquilio, Roberto, Kurt Fehrmann, Sergio Núñez Sepúlveda, Enzo Tesser, Meyli Valín, and José Luis Valín. 2024. "Evaluating the Plastic Anisotropic Effect on the Forming Limit Curve of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheets Using Marciniak Tests and Digital Image Correlation" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 8082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178082