Impact of Fish, Mollusk and Seafood Consumption before Sample Donation on Urinary and Toenail Metal Levels in Workers Exposed to Heavy Metals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Population and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Occupational Exposure Assessment
2.3. Metal Analyses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Urine Sample Donation
3.3. Toenail Sample Donation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Males | 131 | 85.62 |
Females | 22 | 14.38 |
Type of participants | ||
Metal occupationally exposed workers | 111 | 72.55 |
Non occupationally exposed workers | 42 | 27.45 |
Geographic area | ||
Huelva | 118 | 77.12 |
Other | 35 | 22.88 |
Smoking habits | ||
Ever smokers | 74 | 48.37 |
Never smokers | 79 | 51.63 |
Age (years) a | 45.56 ± 10.29 | |
Height (m) a | 1.72 ± 0.07 | |
Weight (kg) a | 80.40 ± 14.00 |
No SMFc 1 | Any Type | Mann–Whitney 2 | White Fish River | White Fish Sea | Blue Fish | Canned Tuna | Canned Sardines | Median Test 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 113 | n = 33 | p | n = 4 | n = 6 | n = 8 | n = 11 | n = 2 | p | |
As | 47.7 | 107.3 | 0.009 | 45.7 | 189.9 | 106.0 | 103.5 | 124.3 | 0.025 |
Ba | 1.774 | 2.239 | 0.400 | 4.132 | 1.846 | 1.399 | 2.543 | 0.809 | 0.218 |
Be | 0.015 | 0.025 | 0.547 | 0.035 | 0.020 | 0.069 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.257 |
Cd | 0.190 | 0.122 | 0.158 | 0.177 | 0.114 | 0.078 | 0.021 | 0.074 | 0.453 |
Co | 0.292 | 0.463 | 0.037 | 0.139 | 0.543 | 0.534 | 0.375 | 1.151 | 0.206 |
Cu | 7.293 | 8.506 | 0.392 | 8.037 | 7.640 | 6.963 | 9.247 | 8.749 | 0.453 |
Hg | 6.030 | 7.475 | 0.232 | 4.911 | 2.413 | 11.865 | 6.332 | 19.125 | 0.028 |
Li | 14.0 | 16.0 | 0.719 | 16.8 | 18.6 | 10.8 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 0.078 |
Mo | 33.8 | 28.4 | 0.320 | 29.1 | 36.5 | 32.7 | 27.2 | 17.3 | 0.148 |
Pb | 2.570 | 3.630 | 0.100 | 11.260 | 2.286 | 4.416 | 3.283 | 18.730 | 0.103 |
Se | 42.2 | 47.4 | 0.311 | 63.1 | 60.8 | 53.7 | 38.0 | 46.9 | 0.391 |
Sr | 152.1 | 154.2 | 0.724 | 112.7 | 232.5 | 145.8 | 137.0 | 143.0 | 0.584 |
Tl | 0.046 | 0.071 | 0.619 | 0.064 | 0.062 | 0.069 | 0.122 | 0.117 | 0.359 |
V | 0.281 | 0.175 | 0.118 | 0.155 | 0.179 | 0.170 | 0.175 | 0.125 | 0.453 |
W | 0.204 | 0.187 | 0.898 | 0.218 | 0.129 | 0.191 | 0.187 | 0.176 | 0.703 |
Zn | 416.7 | 409.2 | 0.465 | 537.3 | 368.2 | 523.8 | 283.8 | 409.5 | 0.970 |
No SMFc 1 | Any Type | Mann–Whitney 2 | Shell Mollusks | No-shell Mollusks | Shrimps, Prawn, etc. | Median Test 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 131 | n = 16 | p | n = 1 | n = 5 | n = 8 | p | |
As | 55.1 | 112.2 | 0.009 | 274.6 | 72.3 | 102.8 | 0.144 |
Ba | 1.837 | 2.762 | 0.675 | 5.034 | 2.458 | 1.425 | 0.637 |
Be | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.205 | 0.035 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.637 |
Cd | 0.183 | 0.106 | 0.435 | 0.006 | 0.216 | 0.076 | 0.353 |
Co | 0.326 | 0.412 | 0.135 | 0.274 | 0.274 | 0.506 | 0.353 |
Cu | 7.533 | 8.635 | 0.938 | 10.370 | 8.764 | 6.902 | 0.738 |
Hg | 6.234 | 6.832 | 0.894 | 7.688 | 7.331 | 5.540 | 0.705 |
Li | 14.49 | 15.605 | 0.859 | 17.4 | 10.0 | 17.4 | 0.046 |
Mo | 33.82 | 27.975 | 0.333 | 72.2 | 22.3 | 31.1 | 0.083 |
Pb | 2.834 | 4.192 | 0.162 | 12.430 | 5.322 | 2.210 | 0.083 |
Se | 44.58 | 41.345 | 0.955 | 30.5 | 45.3 | 54.2 | 0.637 |
Sr | 152.1 | 156.9 | 0.879 | 84.3 | 73.9 | 199.6 | 0.348 |
Tl | 0.058 | 0.005 | 0.357 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.323 |
V | 0.262 | 0.135 | 0.303 | 0.002 | 0.068 | 0.266 | 0.753 |
W | 0.197 | 0.265 | 0.437 | 0.283 | 0.551 | 0.175 | 0.339 |
Zn | 414.1 | 351.75 | 0.668 | 823.4 | 827.8 | 233.8 | 0.362 |
No SMFc 1 | Any Type | Mann–Whitney 2 | White Fish River | White Fish Sea | Blue Fish | Canned Tuna | Canned Sardines | Median Test 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 24 | p | n = 4 | n = 4 | n = 7 | n = 7 | n = 1 | p | |
Al | 8.0 | 17.6 | 0.003 | 24.5 | 16.3 | 20.2 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 0.354 |
As | 0.109 | 0.090 | 0.467 | 0.066 | 2.448 | 0.148 | 0.054 | 1.169 | 0.488 |
Ba | 1.250 | 0.984 | 0.316 | 0.964 | 1.880 | 0.735 | 1.110 | 1.444 | 0.436 |
Be | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.009 | 0.0047 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | 0.013 |
Cd | 0.031 | 0.053 | 0.417 | 0.020 | 0.050 | 0.058 | 0.021 | 0.587 | 0.622 |
Co | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.874 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.266 |
Cr | 1.190 | 0.749 | 0.208 | 0.832 | 1.015 | 0.813 | 1.188 | 0.341 | 0.409 |
Cu | 5.200 | 3.277 | 0.320 | 4.007 | 6.732 | 2.329 | 4.212 | 12.178 | 0.270 |
Fe | 25.9 | 32.9 | 0.096 | 48.0 | 34.2 | 32.1 | 38.1 | 26.1 | 0.790 |
Hg | 0.220 | 0.189 | 0.198 | 0.187 | 0.315 | 0.215 | 0.123 | 0.175 | 0.169 |
Li | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.879 | 0.039 | 0.028 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 0.018 | 0.425 |
Mn | 0.392 | 0.384 | 0.907 | 0.641 | 0.501 | 0.211 | 0.518 | 0.209 | 0.469 |
Mo | 0.045 | 0.058 | 0.273 | 0.060 | 0.088 | 0.069 | 0.048 | 0.056 | 0.583 |
Pb | 2.190 | 2.798 | 0.472 | 3.285 | 1.556 | 3.430 | 5.555 | 1.449 | 0.473 |
Ni | 0.575 | 0.857 | 0.110 | 1.242 | 0.853 | 0.902 | 0.527 | 6.602 | 0.583 |
Se | 0.811 | 0.784 | 0.947 | 0.926 | 1.082 | 0.747 | 0.788 | 1.141 | 0.322 |
Sr | 1.620 | 0.616 | 0.017 | 0.717 | 2.211 | 0.509 | 0.569 | 0.452 | 0.234 |
Tl | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.163 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.562 |
U | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.744 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.222 |
V | 0.038 | 0.032 | 0.457 | 0.038 | 0.027 | 0.033 | 0.045 | 0.023 | 0.790 |
W | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.326 | 0.016 | 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.006 | 0.027 | 0.620 |
Zn | 96.3 | 102.5 | 0.598 | 92.5 | 156.4 | 102.0 | 87.6 | 125.5 | 0.256 |
No SMFc 1 | Any Type | Mann–Whitney 2 | Shell Mollusks | No-Shell Mollusks | Shrimps, Prawn, etc. | Median Test 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 87 | n = 11 | p | n = 1 | n = 4 | n = 6 | p | |
Al | 9.5 | 11.2 | 0.884 | 29.4 | 4.8 | 12.6 | 0.053 |
As | 0.109 | 0.069 | 0.555 | 0.069 | 0.077 | 0.131 | 0.551 |
Ba | 1.110 | 0.925 | 0.478 | 0.726 | 0.722 | 1.598 | 0.444 |
Be | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | 0.502 | 0.0086 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.621 |
Cd | 0.031 | 0.022 | 0.809 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.808 |
Co | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.475 | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.016 | 0.551 |
Cr | 1.017 | 0.818 | 0.293 | 0.354 | 1.319 | 0.693 | 0.621 |
Cu | 4.940 | 4.212 | 0.870 | 2.429 | 3.267 | 5.286 | 0.444 |
Fe | 27.5 | 30.3 | 0.464 | 54.6 | 29.8 | 28.9 | 0.798 |
Hg | 0.206 | 0.196 | 0.609 | 0.166 | 0.268 | 0.186 | 0.798 |
Li | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.528 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.035 | 0.127 |
Mn | 0.360 | 0.584 | 0.710 | 0.421 | 0.140 | 0.691 | 0.189 |
Mo | 0.050 | 0.060 | 0.818 | 0.037 | 0.074 | 0.027 | 0.128 |
Pb | 2.190 | 3.156 | 0.879 | 3.156 | 2.080 | 2.699 | 0.798 |
Ni | 0.595 | 1.170 | 0.140 | 0.543 | 1.036 | 1.500 | 0.428 |
Se | 0.811 | 0.746 | 0.690 | 0.792 | 0.926 | 0.729 | 0.621 |
Sr | 1.050 | 0.967 | 0.831 | 0.467 | 1.273 | 1.360 | 0.798 |
Tl | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.298 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.798 |
U | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.748 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.287 |
V | 0.035 | 0.027 | 0.282 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.399 |
W | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.393 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.818 |
Zn | 100.0 | 95.2 | 0.657 | 82.0 | 89.1 | 126.2 | 0.551 |
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Silva-Caicedo, R.F.; Contreras-Llanes, M.; Capelo, R.; Zumel-Marne, A.; García-Sevillano, M.Á.; Santos-Sánchez, V.; Alguacil, J. Impact of Fish, Mollusk and Seafood Consumption before Sample Donation on Urinary and Toenail Metal Levels in Workers Exposed to Heavy Metals. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8174. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188174
Silva-Caicedo RF, Contreras-Llanes M, Capelo R, Zumel-Marne A, García-Sevillano MÁ, Santos-Sánchez V, Alguacil J. Impact of Fish, Mollusk and Seafood Consumption before Sample Donation on Urinary and Toenail Metal Levels in Workers Exposed to Heavy Metals. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(18):8174. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188174
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva-Caicedo, Rommel Fernando, Manuel Contreras-Llanes, Rocío Capelo, Angela Zumel-Marne, Miguel Ángel García-Sevillano, Vanesa Santos-Sánchez, and Juan Alguacil. 2024. "Impact of Fish, Mollusk and Seafood Consumption before Sample Donation on Urinary and Toenail Metal Levels in Workers Exposed to Heavy Metals" Applied Sciences 14, no. 18: 8174. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188174