Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Impact of Different Concentrations of Glyphosate on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seedling Selection and Sample Preparation
2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement of Variables
2.3.1. Measurement of Crop Damage
2.3.2. Photochemical Activity of the PSII
2.3.3. Shikimate Accumulation
2.3.4. Chlorophyll Content
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Three-Dimensional Scatter Plot
- represents the mean of the variable.
- represents each individual observation of the variable.
- is the total number of observations.
- can be x, y, z depending on the variable of interest.
- and represents the mean of the variable.
- and are the individual observations of the variables and , respectively.
- is the total number of observations.
- and can be any pair of the variables x, y, or z to compute , or .
- represents the correlation coefficient between the variables and .
- is the covariance between the variables and .
- are the standard deviations of the variables and , respectively.
- and can be any pair of the variables x, y, or z to compute , or .
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Multivariate Statistics for the Analysis of Photosynthetic Health and Biochemical Reaction of Seedlings
3.2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Evaluation of Phytotoxic Reaction and Growth Parameters (Height, Diameter)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Crop Damage (%) | Height (m) | Diameter (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
DO1 | 23.00 b ± 2.64 | 0.66 ce ± 0.04 | 1.10 d ± 0.11 |
DO2 | 15.33 a ± 0.28 | 0.70 d ± 0.02 | 1.13 de ± 0.12 |
DO3 | 12.00 a ± 2.64 | 0.75 f ± 0.02 | 1.18 fg ± 0.15 |
DO4 | 10.00 a ± 1.13 | 0.83 h ± 0.05 | 1.23 g ± 0.03 |
DO5 | 25.00 b ± 1.56 | 0.77 fg ± 0.02 | 1.16 fg ± 0.03 |
DO6 | 33.00 c ± 1.73 | 0.75 eg ± 0.03 | 1.10 de ± 0.04 |
DO7 | 50.16 d ± 0.28 | 0.78 e ± 0.11 | 1.15 ef ± 0.04 |
DO8 | 53.41 de ± 2.96 | 0.66 de ± 0.03 | 1.05 cd ± 0.06 |
DO9 | 56.33 e ± 1.15 | 0.64 cd ± 0.03 | 1.00 cd ± 0.13 |
DO10 | 53.50 de ± 1.56 | 0.65 cd ± 0.04 | 1.03 cd ± 0.09 |
DO11 | 55.00 de ± 1.29 | 0.62 ac ± 0.06 | 0.95 bc ± 0.04 |
DO12 | 72.33 f ± 1.51 | 0.60 bc ± 0.07 | 0.93 b ± 0.05 |
DO13 | 75.66 f ± 1.08 | 0.57 bc ± 0.05 | 0.90 b ± 0.09 |
DO14 | 71.66 f ± 1.88 | 0.53 ab ± 0.11 | 0.91 b ± 0.07 |
DO15 | 75.00 f ± 1.21 | 0.50 a ± 0.07 | 0.85 a ± 0.09 |
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Valenzuela-Cobos, J.D.; Guevara-Viejó, F.; Galindo-Villardón, P.; Vicente-Galindo, P. Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Impact of Different Concentrations of Glyphosate on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8180. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188180
Valenzuela-Cobos JD, Guevara-Viejó F, Galindo-Villardón P, Vicente-Galindo P. Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Impact of Different Concentrations of Glyphosate on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(18):8180. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188180
Chicago/Turabian StyleValenzuela-Cobos, Juan Diego, Fabricio Guevara-Viejó, Purificación Galindo-Villardón, and Purificación Vicente-Galindo. 2024. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Impact of Different Concentrations of Glyphosate on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)" Applied Sciences 14, no. 18: 8180. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188180