Ballistic Performance of Thermoplastic Fiber-Reinforced Metal Laminates Subjected to Impact Loadings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dynamic Constitutive Model for 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy
2.1. Strength Model
2.2. Failure Criteria
3. Formulation of Finite Element Model
3.1. Finite Element Model
3.2. Determination of Various Parameters
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparisons with Available Test Data
4.2. Effect of Projectile Nose Shape
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The present model predicts the experimental results well for TFMLs subjected to impact by hemispheric-nosed projectiles in terms of perforation energy, cross-sectional deformation, and failure patterns at various impact energies.
- (2)
- It has been demonstrated that the nose shape of projectiles significantly influences the perforation behavior of TFMLs in terms of both residual velocity and damage patterns. This is attributable to the distinct deformation mechanisms induced by each projectile type. Specifically, flat-ended projectiles exhibit the highest residual velocities, whereas ogival-nosed projectiles exhibit the lowest.
- (3)
- The present model exhibits an enhanced performance regarding failure patterns when compared to existing models, such as the elastoplastic constitutive model and the JC + BW constitutive model, despite yielding comparable deformation results.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TFMLs | thermoplastic fiber-reinforced metal laminates |
VUMAT | vectorized user material subroutine |
JC | Johnson–Cook |
PP/PP | polypropylene fiber-reinforced polypropylene matrix composites |
DIF | Dynamic Increase Factor |
FE | finite element |
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Basic parameters | ρ (kg/m3) | E (GPa) | v | Tm (K) | Ta (K) | χ | Cp (J/kgK) |
2700 | 72 | 0.3300 | 775 | 293 | 0.9000 | 875 | |
Equation of state | C0 (m/s) | S1 | Γ0 | ||||
5328 | 1.3380 | 2 | |||||
Strength model | At (MPa) | Bt (MPa) | nt | As (MPa) | Bs (MPa) | ns | Wx |
369 | 684 | 0.7300 | 369 | 684 | 0.7300 | 4.1550 | |
By | Wy | S | m1 | m2 | |||
100 | 1.3481 | 2.0922 | 9.0 × 10−5 | 0.0750 | 3.0 | 3.0 | |
Failure criterion | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | |||
1.0055 | 0.21 | 0.011 | 0 |
Basic parameters | |||||||
2700 | 72 | 0.3300 | 775 | 293 | 0.9000 | 875 | |
Equation of state | |||||||
5328 | 1.3380 | 2 | |||||
Strength model | |||||||
369 | 684 | 0.7300 | 369 | 684 | 0.7300 | 0.0083 | |
3.3 × 10−4 | 1.7 | ||||||
Failure criterion | |||||||
1.466 | 2.394 | 0.210 | 0.005 |
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Zeng, Y.; Li, C.; Zheng, H.; Liu, Y. Ballistic Performance of Thermoplastic Fiber-Reinforced Metal Laminates Subjected to Impact Loadings. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209157
Zeng Y, Li C, Zheng H, Liu Y. Ballistic Performance of Thermoplastic Fiber-Reinforced Metal Laminates Subjected to Impact Loadings. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(20):9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209157
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Yan, Chunguang Li, Hong Zheng, and Yijun Liu. 2024. "Ballistic Performance of Thermoplastic Fiber-Reinforced Metal Laminates Subjected to Impact Loadings" Applied Sciences 14, no. 20: 9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209157