The Risk of Using Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures During Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pregnancy and Skin Changes
- A pre-conception Body Mass Index (BMI) of greater than 26;
- Young age, especially in teenage pregnancies;
- Weight gain during pregnancy exceeding 15 kg;
- Baby birth weight of greater than 3.5 kg.
3. Cosmetics and Pregnancy
Cosmetovigilance
- Reporting adverse effects and collecting all relevant information concerning them.
- Recording, evaluating, and using information related to these effects for prevention purposes.
- Conducting studies and research concerning the safety of cosmetic use.
- Implementing and monitoring corrective actions if necessary [15].
4. The Risks of Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures
4.1. Dermatosurgical Procedures
4.2. Aesthetics and Biomedical Technology
- The nominal operating characteristics of the device defined during its design.
- The stability of the device’s operating characteristics, which depend on design and maintenance.
- Correct device usage, which is linked to the training and skill of operators, proper user information for household devices, and adherence to best practices.
- The characteristics of the pregnant woman at the time of hair removal, including phototype, skin color, hair color, and individual response.
- Possible contraindications, such as pre-existing diseases, photosensitive treatments, etc. [38].
4.3. Risks of Ingredients of Cosmetics
- Acetone: This solvent, used in nail polish removers, can cause dry mouth, dizziness, nausea, difficulty speaking, and, in extreme cases, coma. It acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant [45].
- Aluminum Compounds: Commonly found in deodorants and antiperspirants, aluminum compounds can block sweat glands and pores, preventing the body’s natural sweating process. There are concerns that these compounds may be linked to breast cancer, breast cysts, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the dermal absorption of aluminum is not well understood, and it is not yet known whether aluminum can travel from the skin to the brain to cause Alzheimer’s disease. While aluminum may cause gene instability, alter gene expression, or enhance oxidative stress, its carcinogenicity has not been proven. Epidemiological research on aluminum exposure has been inconsistent and conflicting [46,47].
- Ammonia: Found in many cosmetics, ammonia can cause allergic reactions and, with long-term exposure, may lead to coughing, respiratory arrest, and pulmonary edema, potentially resulting in death [48].
- Titanium Dioxide: Commonly used in sunscreens and toothpastes, titanium dioxide can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled during manufacturing and use. Despite its extensive use, the biological effects and cellular response mechanisms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are not fully understood. The toxicity of TiO2-NPs appears to involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, metabolic changes, and potential carcinogenesis. The extent and type of cell damage depend on the chemical and physical characteristics of TiO2-NPs, including size, crystal structure, and photo-activation [49].
- Diethanolamines (DEA): Used mainly as surfactant foam boosters or viscosity increasing agents, DEA can cause allergic reactions and eye and skin irritation and is a potential carcinogen if used in the long term. Recent reports have raised concerns about an increase in allergic dermatitis associated with DEA [50]. Also, older studies in animals have found a link between maternal exposure to DEA and altered memory function in offspring [51].
- Mineral Oil: Found in many creams for eyes, lips, and hydration, mineral oil forms a barrier on the skin that can prevent it from breathing, expelling toxins, hydrating, and producing healthy cells. Common reactions include premature skin aging, cardiac disorders, kidney and liver damage, and breathing difficulties [43].
- Parabens: Parabens in cosmetics are very common and humans use them in daily life. The prenatal exposure to these chemicals is associated with poor birth outcomes. A recent study reported the association between prenatal exposure to parabens and birth outcomes with positive relationships between maternal exposure to methyl parabens and birth weight [52]. Parabens are used to inhibit microbial growth and extend the shelf life of products, but they have been associated with dermatitis and allergies. Many cosmetics also contain synthetic fragrances, which may include up to 600 different ingredients. The exact components are often not disclosed, only labeled as “Perfume” or “Fragrance”, leading to potential issues such as rashes, itching, cough, asthma, and vomiting, with some fragrances having a narcotic effect [53,54].
- Formaldehyde: This is a toxic substance and is forbidden by the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) and is classified as a carcinogen (category 1B) and a skin sensitizer (Category 1). Some preservatives are allowed in cosmetic products fulfil their function since they are formaldehyde-releasers, preserving the final cosmetic product. Substances such as DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea, commonly used in cosmetic products, are known to release formaldehyde to fulfil a preserving function in the finished product. Formaldehyde is prohibited in cosmetic products and cannot be intentionally added, but formaldehyde-releasing substances are permitted; they are listed on Annex V of the Cosmetics Regulation (EC), No. 1223/2009, and have to be used within the restrictions given. According to the previous regulation, these products must be labelled with the warning ‘contains formaldehyde’ when the amount of released formaldehyde was more than 0.05% in the final product in order to communicate the presence of the substance and avoid allergic reactions to sensitized customers [55].
- Aluminum (Al): Al is a known neurotoxin, and studies show that exposure can lead to neurological disorders. Aluminum is an element found in many items, including cosmetics and hygiene products like antiperspirants. The body usually excretes aluminum, but if levels exceed the body’s capacity, it can stay in tissues and organs. Studies indicate that Al is toxic in all developmental stages and may produce irreversible health effects even at low levels. Since Al is known to cross the placental barrier, pregnant women should be advised about this risk and should also be informed about avoiding the post-natal exposure of their children to Al. Recent findings show the need for further research on aluminum exposure and its associated interactions in vulnerable populations, e.g., pregnant women [56].
- Toluene: Toluene is a solvent found in nail polishes and may be labeled Methylbenzene Toluol or Antisal 1a. Solvents increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital disabilities. Those at greatest risk of exposure are those who work with solvents, such as cosmetologists, dry cleaners, artists, and printers [57].
- Oxybenzone: Oxybenzone is a recognized endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and is used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber (70% of sunscreen products). Many studies have identified this chemical in the urine and blood of women in pregnancy and fetal and umbilical cord blood. A recent study demonstrated that women with medium to high levels of oxybenzone in their urine were associated with giving birth to neonates with Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) [58]. Oxybenzone is fat-soluble, meaning it enters into fat cells and can stay there for weeks, making it difficult for expecting women to know what their exposure level is. This is dangerous for both women in pregnancy and for women who are trying to conceive. Those who live in a sunny location and use sunscreen with oxybenzone daily all year round may have a higher risk factor than someone who uses it less frequently (e.g., on vacation). Also, it was reported that babies that are exposed to an endocrine disruptor like oxybenzone can face problems including poor sleep, adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and an increase in certain illnesses like bronchitis and sinusitis [59].
4.4. Breastfeeding Women
5. Risks for Aestheticians and Dermatologists During Pregnancy
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Melasma | Third month of pregnancy, in women with dark skin. It is located on the forehead, cheeks and chin. Melasma, or the mask of pregnancy, is the second most common complaint after striae and may resolve within 1 year of delivery in 70% women without any treatment [1]. |
Scars | During pregnancy, the level of active melanocytes is higher, leading to a higher concentration of melanin in a pregnant woman’s body. The scars look darker. The scars formed due to the extension of the skin. |
Vascular system | Telangiectatic arteriole, telangiectasia, palmar erythema, varicose veins [4]. |
Linea Nigra | Hyperpigmentation of the white abdomen line (1st trimester) affects 90% of pregnant women. After childbirth, it recedes enough or completely [5]. |
Stretch marks (striae) | It affects a percentage of 50 to 90% of women, and appear after the 6th month of pregnancy. Stretch marks are characterized by thinner skin, but mainly a reduction in the density of the elastin fiber network. The collagen fibers break. At the striation level, skin appendages are absent. The appearance of the striae is mainly due to hormonal changes, hereditary factors, and significant weight gain or loss [5,6]. |
Acne | Acne development is random. Indeed, it can worsen, improve, or remain unchanged [7]. |
Nails | White milk spots on nails (leukonychia). Nails can change during pregnancy. Extra hormones can make them grow faster and become stronger. Some women, though, find that their nails split and break more easily during pregnancy, but nail changes are not permanent [8]. |
Cellulite | This is caused by high levels of estrogen and progesterone [9]. |
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Biskanaki, F.; Tertipi, N.; Andreou, E.; Sfyri, E.; Kefala, V.; Rallis, E. The Risk of Using Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures During Pregnancy. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 9885. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219885
Biskanaki F, Tertipi N, Andreou E, Sfyri E, Kefala V, Rallis E. The Risk of Using Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures During Pregnancy. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(21):9885. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219885
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiskanaki, Foteini, Niki Tertipi, Eleni Andreou, Eleni Sfyri, Vasiliki Kefala, and Efstathios Rallis. 2024. "The Risk of Using Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures During Pregnancy" Applied Sciences 14, no. 21: 9885. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219885