Influence of Surface State in Micro-Welding of Copper by Nd:YAG Laser
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Surface Shape on Absorption Rate
3.2. Influence of Surface Roughness on Absorption Rate
4. Conclusions
- Absorption rate and molten volume under 1064 nm wavelength laser is increased by controlled surface undulations such as creating appropriate concave holes, and by controlled surface roughness variations. There is correlation between the surface roughness and concave holes. Concave depth of around 30 μm and a similar value of surface roughness Rz leads to stabilization of the micro-welding process.
- For copper welding using 1064 nm laser, by optimizing the surface texture in transitional processing condition between heat conduction and keyhole welding, light absorption was improved and the process was stabilized leading to deep penetration and good surface quality.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Melting temperature | 1356 K |
Thermal conductivity | 391.1 W/(m K) |
Coefficient of thermal expansion | 17.6 × 10−6 (1/K) |
Specific heat | 380 J/(kg⋅K) |
Density | 8.94 g/cm3 |
Electrical resistivity | 17.1 nΩ⋅m |
Electrical conductivity | 59.1 MS/m |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.33 |
Young’s modulus | 120 GPa |
Compression Force (N) | Depth of Concave (μm) | Diameter of Concave (μm) |
---|---|---|
100 | 300 | 320 |
50 | 185 | 220 |
10 | 50 | 110 |
8.0 | 40 | 90 |
6.0 | 30 | 80 |
4.0 | 20 | 70 |
2.5 | 10 | 50 |
2.0 | 8.0 | 40 |
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Maina, M.R.; Okamoto, Y.; Inoue, R.; Nakashiba, S.-i.; Okada, A.; Sakagawa, T. Influence of Surface State in Micro-Welding of Copper by Nd:YAG Laser. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2364. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122364
Maina MR, Okamoto Y, Inoue R, Nakashiba S-i, Okada A, Sakagawa T. Influence of Surface State in Micro-Welding of Copper by Nd:YAG Laser. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(12):2364. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122364
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaina, Martin Ruthandi, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Reiki Inoue, Shin-ichi Nakashiba, Akira Okada, and Tomokazu Sakagawa. 2018. "Influence of Surface State in Micro-Welding of Copper by Nd:YAG Laser" Applied Sciences 8, no. 12: 2364. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122364
APA StyleMaina, M. R., Okamoto, Y., Inoue, R., Nakashiba, S. -i., Okada, A., & Sakagawa, T. (2018). Influence of Surface State in Micro-Welding of Copper by Nd:YAG Laser. Applied Sciences, 8(12), 2364. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122364