Development of a High-Fidelity Model for an Electrically Driven Energy Storage Flywheel Suitable for Small Scale Residential Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
2.1. Background
2.2. Structure and Components of FESS: Priciples and Components of FESS
2.2.1. The Rotor
Intermediate Speed Flywheels
2.2.2. Electric Machine
2.2.3. Power Electronics Interface
2.2.4. Bearing System
2.2.5. Containment
3. Characteristics of FESS
4. Applications of FESS
5. Calculation of Losses in FESS
5.1. Copper Loss
5.2. Mechanical Losses
5.3. Other Losses
- The clearances between stationary and rotating components is small, such that the boundary layers on stationary and rotating surfaces merge.
- The flywheel rotor is assumed to be a drum type steel laminated cylinder.
- The windage losses are calculated under maximum pressure conditions of 100 Pa at 40 °C and maximum speed of 20,000 rpm.
- Density values are calculated from temperature and pressure using ideal gas law.
- Windage on the motor–generator is neglected, since its rotor diameter is much smaller than that of the main rotor, and the power law on diameter for windage is 5.
- Switching loss and IGBT conduction loss in power converters are neglected as these losses are small compared to other losses in a FESS. Although, this might not be the case in some other storage systems, where they may need to be considered.
- It is assumed that the combined axial load on the bearing is 10% of the total flywheel rotor weight with the rest taken by the passive magnetic bearing.
6. Analysis and Control of FESS
6.1. System Configuration and Mathematical Model
6.2. System Operation and Control Strategy
7. Results Analysis
7.1. System Losses
7.2. Simulated Results
7.2.1. Charging State
7.2.2. Discharging State
7.2.3. Charge–Discharge State
7.2.4. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | Carbon Fibre Vmax = 790 m/s a = 2/3 b 1 | Steel Laminate Vmax = 427 m/s a = 0 (No Hole) |
---|---|---|
Mass | 1 | 4.53 |
Volume | 1 | 0.503 |
Piller Power Bridge | Active Power | Temporal Power | Beacon Power Gen 4 | Rosseta T2 | Vycon | Kinetic Traction Systems | Stornetic | PowerThru | Gyrotricity | Amber Kintetics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | Germany | USA | Canada | USA | Germany | USA | USA | Germany | USA | UK | USA |
Rated Power | 1600 | 250 kW | 100-500 kW | 100 kW | 500 kW | 500 kW | 200 kW | 22 kW | 190 kW | 100 kW | 8 kW |
Rated Energy Capacity | 4 kWh | 0.9 kWh | 50 kWh | 25 kWh | 4 kWh | 0.83 kWh | 1.5 kWh | 4 kWh | 0.63 kWh | 5 kWh | 32 kWh |
Application area | UPS | UPS | Voltage Stability/ Maintenance | Frequency Stability/ Maintenance | Recuperation | UPS, Recuperation | UPS, Power Quality, Micro-grid & Railway | Grid services, Railway | UPS | Frequency Stability, Railway | Micro-grid, Telecoms, Utilities |
Maximum rpm | 3300 | 7700 | 11,500 | 16,000 | 25,000 | 36,000 | 37,800 | 45,000 | 52,000 | 20,000 | 10,000 |
Bearing concept | Rolling bearings, relieved magnetically | Rolling bearings, relieved magnetically | Unclear | Rolling bearings, relieved magnetically | Rolling bearings | Active magnetic bearings | Magnetic & hydrodynamic bearings | Active magnetic bearings | Active magnetic bearings | Mechanical & magnetic bearings | Not stated |
Electrical machine type | Not provided | Not provided | Permanent magnet | Permanent magnet | Not provided | Permanent magnet | Permanent magnet | Permanent magnet | Synchronous Reluctance | Permanent magnet | Permanent magnet |
Flywheel material | Steel | Steel | Steel | Fibre composite | Fibre composite | Steel | Fibre composite | Fibre composite | Fibre composite | Laminated Steel | Steel |
Topology | | | | | | | | | | | |
Configuration | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating Conditions | Lower Limit of = / | |
---|---|---|
Ball Bearings | Roller Bearings | |
Low-noise applications | 2.0 | 3.0 |
Bearings subjected to vibration and shock loads | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Standard operating conditions | 1.0 | 1.5 |
Equivalent Load Factors | Load Torque Factors | Lubrication Factor, | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bearing type | Xs | Ys | z | y | Oil Mist/Injection | Oil Bath/Grease | Oil Bath/Jet |
Single row radial | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0007 | 0.55 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 |
Angular contact, (α = 15–40°) | 0.5 | 0.26–0.47 | 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.47 |
Angular contact double row | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 |
Stator winding resistance (Rs) | 0.20 Ω |
Armature inductance (Ld = Lq) | 0.834 mH |
Combined inertia (PMSM and flywheel) (J) | 12 kg m2 |
Friction coefficient (Bm) | 0.8 × 10−4 N·m·s |
Permanent magnet flux (λ) | 0.175 Wb |
Number of poles | 2 |
Power rating | 10 kW |
Energy storage rating | 5 kWh |
Maximum torque | 12 N·m |
Maximum output power | 15 kW |
Rated torque | 8 N·m |
Maximum angular speed | 20,000 rpm |
Minimum angular speed | 10,000 rpm |
Machine rated over speed | 25,000 rpm |
Switching frequency | 10 kHz |
Filter damping resistance | 0.75 Ω |
Filter capacitance | 4 × 10−5 F |
Filter inductance | 640 × 10−6 H |
DC-bus voltage | 600 V |
Voltage constant () | |
Air density () | 0.0011 kg/m3 |
Air dynamic viscosity () | 1.91 × 10−5 kg/m·s |
Flywheel rotor outer diameter ( | 0.4 m |
Shaft diameter ( | 0.025 m |
Torque coefficient () | 0.0554 |
Bearing design factor () | 0.0007 |
Kinematics oil viscosity () | 130 mm2/s (40 °C) |
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Amiryar, M.E.; Pullen, K.R.; Nankoo, D. Development of a High-Fidelity Model for an Electrically Driven Energy Storage Flywheel Suitable for Small Scale Residential Applications. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030453
Amiryar ME, Pullen KR, Nankoo D. Development of a High-Fidelity Model for an Electrically Driven Energy Storage Flywheel Suitable for Small Scale Residential Applications. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(3):453. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030453
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmiryar, Mustafa E., Keith R. Pullen, and Daniel Nankoo. 2018. "Development of a High-Fidelity Model for an Electrically Driven Energy Storage Flywheel Suitable for Small Scale Residential Applications" Applied Sciences 8, no. 3: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030453