Effects and Mechanisms of Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soil: A Critical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources and Hazards of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil
3. Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
4. Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil
4.1. Remediation Mechanisms
4.1.1. Biosorption
4.1.2. Bioleaching
4.1.3. Plant–Microbial Remediation
4.2. Comparison of Microbial Removal Ability
4.2.1. Microbial Remediation Potential
4.2.2. Adsorption Equilibria
4.2.3. Kinetics of Adsorption
4.2.4. Methods for Microbial Remediation
5. Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Water
5.1. Microbial Living Environments
5.1.1. pH
5.1.2. Ambient Temperature
5.1.3. Substrate Species
5.1.4. Substrate Concentration
5.2. Composite Reclamation System
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The mechanisms of microbial degradation of heavy metals are mainly biosorption, biomineralization, and co-metabolism, and biosorption is the main degradation mechanism. Both biosorption and biomineralization can be divided into a variety of physiological processes.
- (2)
- Microbes have different abilities to degrade heavy metal, and the degradation ability mainly depends on degradative plasmids and spores. Usually, Escherichia coli K–12 adsorb the majority of heavy metal ions, and the adsorption capacity of Pseudomonas and Bacillus are strong.
- (3)
- The optimum pH ranges of microorganisms are various. Most microorganisms have suitable pH values in 5.5–6.5, except for Bacillus jeotgali. Ambient temperature affects the ability of microorganisms to adsorb heavy metals. Although the optimum temperature is related with heavy metal and microbial species, the optimum temperature for most microorganisms is generally between 25 °C and 35 °C.
- (4)
- The difference in concentrations of six heavy metal ions, and the presence or absence of competitive ions will affect the adsorption capacity of heavy metals for organisms.
- (5)
- Composite repair systems, such as microbial plant joint repair systems and chemical microbial joint repair systems, can often improve repair efficiency.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Method | Application | Advantages (+) and Disadvantages (–) |
---|---|---|---|
Soil washing | Physical Separation Chemical Extraction Integrated process | Large area (a large volume of soil) | |
Soil flushing | Direct injection of a leaching solution | Large area (a large volume of soil) | |
Engineering management | Change soil | Small area (a small volume of soil) of heavily polluted soil | |
Chemical repair | Add chemical modifier | Wide range of applications | |
Phytoremediation | Introduce plant life | Wide range of applications (especially suitable for mining reclamation) | |
Physical chemistry repair | Electro-chemical methods | Low permeability clay and silt soil | |
Electro-thermal methods | Volatile heavy metals (e.g., Hg) | ||
Soil leaching | Small area of severely polluted soil |
|
Type | Condition | Mechanism | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Surface precipitation | Edge charges on adsorbent | Reagent residue enhances metal ion stability in soil solid phase components, reduces migration and bioavailability | |
Ion exchange | Other metal ions existing | The metal ions bound by the cell material are combined by other metal ions with stronger binding ability. | |
Ligand exchange | There are organic functional groups, such as R-COOH, R-SH | Metal ions and ligands are bonded to the surface of the adsorbent by covalent or ionic bonding | |
Diffusion and chemical modification of adsorbent surfaces | Manganese oxide Iron oxide Zeolite | Reduction of toxicity of heavy metal ions by chemical transfer between heavy metal ions and chemical modification |
Microbe | Metals Which Can Be Easily Removed |
---|---|
Escherichia coli K-12 | Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn etc. |
Rhizopus arrhizus | Zn, Cu, Cd, Th |
Aspergillus niger | Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Th, Co, Mn, Ni |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag |
Thiobacillus thiooxidans | Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd |
Microbial | Metal | Best-Fitted Model | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Bacillus Subtilius | Hg2+ | Second-order | [31] |
Nauclea diderrichii | Cd2+ Hg2+ | Second-order | [65] |
Rice husk | Pb2+ | Second-order | [66] |
Kappaphycus sp. | Pb2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Zn2+ | Second-order | [44] |
Helix pomentia | Fe2+ Cr3+ | First-order | [59] |
Helix pomentia | Cd2+ Pb2+ | Second-order | [59] |
Microbe | Qmax | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Zn | Pb | |
Bacillus subtilius | 101 | 137 | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 57.37 | 13.7 | 79.5 | |
Streptomyces noursei | 3.4 | 1.6 | 99 | |
Bacillus licheniformis | 142.7 | 62 | ||
Bacillus laterosporus | 159.2 | 72.6 | ||
Rhizopus arrhizus | 26.8 | 4.5 | 55.6 |
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Jin, Y.; Luan, Y.; Ning, Y.; Wang, L. Effects and Mechanisms of Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soil: A Critical Review. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081336
Jin Y, Luan Y, Ning Y, Wang L. Effects and Mechanisms of Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soil: A Critical Review. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(8):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081336
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Yuyao, Yaning Luan, Yangcui Ning, and Lingyan Wang. 2018. "Effects and Mechanisms of Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soil: A Critical Review" Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081336