Lavandula Luisieri and Lavandula Viridis Essential Oils as Upcoming Anti-Protozoal Agents: A Key Focus on Leishmaniasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.1.1. Origin
2.1.2. Essential Oil Preparation
2.1.3. Essential Oils Analysis
2.2. Parasites and Cultures
2.3. Viability Assays
2.4. Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.5. Flow Cytometry
2.5.1. Cell Cycle Analysis
2.5.2. Phosphatidylserine Externalization Analysis
2.5.3. Assessment of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP)
2.6. Cathepsin D Activity Assay
2.7. Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Mammalian Cells
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of EO
3.2. Evaluation of Leishmanicidal Activity
3.3. Ultrastructural Effects
3.4. Cell-cycle Arrest at G(0)/G(1) Phase
3.5. Phosphatidylserine Externalization
3.6. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Depolarization
3.7. Cathepsin D Activity Assay
3.8. Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Mammalian Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Lavandula luisieri (%) | Lavandula viridis (%) |
---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 4.7 | 17.3 |
Oxygen containing monoterpenes | 75.7 | 58.3 |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 2.4 | 18.6 |
Oxygen containing sesquiterpenes | 3.0 | - |
Others | 1.2 | 1.9 |
Total identified | (49) 86.9 | (38) 96.1 |
Major compounds (>2.0%) | α-Pinene (2.3) 1,8-cineole (18.9) Linalool (3.1) Necrodane derivatives (36.0) Lavandulyl acetate (7.2) | α-Pinene (9.2) Camphene (2.7) 1,8-cineole (29.7) Linalool (9.0) Camphor (10.0) Borneol (2.7) Z-α-bisabolene (6.3) Selina-3,7(11)-diene (6.6) |
L. infantum IC50 μg/mL (CI) * | L. tropica IC50 μg/mL (CI) * | L. major IC50 μg/mL (CI) * | |
---|---|---|---|
L. luisieri | 63 (52–77) | 38 (33–45) | 31 (25–38) |
L. viridis | 263 (248–279) | >400 | >400 |
α-pinene | 161 (149–175) | >400 | >400 |
1,8-cineole | >400 | >400 | >400 |
Borneol | >400 | >400 | >400 |
Linalool | >400 | >400 | >400 |
Leishmania Promastigotes (% of Cells) 24 h | |||
---|---|---|---|
Anexine | PI | Anexine/PI | |
L. luisieri | 17.5 | 4 | 10 |
Control | 3.3 | 1.1 | 4.8 |
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Machado, M.; Martins, N.; Salgueiro, L.; Cavaleiro, C.; Sousa, M.C. Lavandula Luisieri and Lavandula Viridis Essential Oils as Upcoming Anti-Protozoal Agents: A Key Focus on Leishmaniasis. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9153056
Machado M, Martins N, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Sousa MC. Lavandula Luisieri and Lavandula Viridis Essential Oils as Upcoming Anti-Protozoal Agents: A Key Focus on Leishmaniasis. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(15):3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9153056
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachado, Marisa, Natália Martins, Lígia Salgueiro, Carlos Cavaleiro, and Maria C. Sousa. 2019. "Lavandula Luisieri and Lavandula Viridis Essential Oils as Upcoming Anti-Protozoal Agents: A Key Focus on Leishmaniasis" Applied Sciences 9, no. 15: 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9153056