Table 1.
Basic description of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-2 products.
Table 1.
Basic description of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-2 products.
Characteristic | Value |
---|
Latitude extent | −60° to 90° |
Longitude extent | −180° to 180° |
Spatial resolution | 1.0°, 0.25° |
Temporal resolution | 3-hourly, monthly |
Temporal coverage | GLDAS-2.0: 03Z 1 January 1948–21Z 31 December 2010 GLDAS-2.1: 03Z 1 January 2000–present |
Dimension | 360 (lon) × 150 (lat) for the 1.0° × 1.0° data products 1440 (lon) × 600 (lat) for the 0.25° × 0.25° data products |
Origin (1st grid center) | (179.5W, 59.5S) for the 1.0° × 1.0° data products (179.875W, 59.875S) for the 0.25° × 0.25° data products |
Land surface models | NOAH 3.3 |
Table 2.
Coordinates of the three experimental sites.
Table 2.
Coordinates of the three experimental sites.
Vineyard | Abbreviation | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m a.s.l.) |
---|
Cocconato | CO | 45°05′ N | 8°03′ E | 311 |
Fubine | FB | 44°58′ N | 8°26′ E | 210 |
Castiglione Falletto | CF | 44°37′ N | 7°59′ E | 275 |
Table 3.
Summary of experiments performed, with the explicit indication of the boundary condition used, as well as vegetation and soil types. For NOAH, we have retrieved the data from the GLDAS web site. Italic style indicates that the types of vegetation and soil were set by the GLDAS team. For soil types, the three numbers refer, respectively, to the sites: CF, CO, and FB. The used soil types are thus defined in the following way: 4 (silt loam), 5 (loam), 7 (silty clay loam), 8 (clay loam).
Table 3.
Summary of experiments performed, with the explicit indication of the boundary condition used, as well as vegetation and soil types. For NOAH, we have retrieved the data from the GLDAS web site. Italic style indicates that the types of vegetation and soil were set by the GLDAS team. For soil types, the three numbers refer, respectively, to the sites: CF, CO, and FB. The used soil types are thus defined in the following way: 4 (silt loam), 5 (loam), 7 (silty clay loam), 8 (clay loam).
# | Experiment | LSM | Boundary Conditions | Vegetation Type | Soil Type |
---|
1 | EXP1a | UTOPIA | Vineyards observations | Vineyards | 4, 7, 5 |
2 | EXP1b | UTOPIA | Vineyards observations | Irrigated crop | 4, 7, 5 |
3 | EXP2a | UTOPIA | GLDAS-2.1 | Vineyards | 5, 5, 8 |
4 | EXP2b | UTOPIA | GLDAS-2.1 | Irrigated crop | 5, 5, 8 |
5 | EXP3a | UTOPIA | GLDAS-2.0 | Vineyards | 5, 5, 8 |
6 | EXP3b | UTOPIA | GLDAS-2.0 | Irrigated crop | 5, 5, 8 |
7 | EXP4 | NOAH | From GLDAS-2.1 | Irrigated crop | 5, 5, 8 |
8 | EXP5 | NOAH | From GLDAS-2.0 | Irrigated crop | 5, 5, 8 |
Table 4.
Net Radiation (RNET) (W m−2) simulated and observed at CO station (data number 515).
Table 4.
Net Radiation (RNET) (W m−2) simulated and observed at CO station (data number 515).
| Bias | Mean | σ | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | −19.3 | 66.6 | 64.4 | 63.8 | −48.3 | 199.5 | 247.8 |
EXP2a | −20.5 | 65.4 | 70.9 | 60.2 | −50.3 | 192.3 | 242.6 |
EXP3a | −26.6 | 59.3 | 54.5 | 60.3 | −31.9 | 152.0 | 183.9 |
OBS | 0.0 | 85.9 | 77.4 | 70.3 | −45.9 | 235.4 | 281.3 |
EXP1b | −11.6 | 74.3 | 69.6 | 72.9 | −48.6 | 220.1 | 268.7 |
EXP2b | −12.4 | 73.5 | 76.1 | 67.6 | −50.2 | 209.7 | 259.9 |
EXP3b | −18.0 | 67.9 | 58.0 | 69.9 | −33.3 | 169.5 | 202.8 |
Table 5.
Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) (W m−2) simulated and observed at the CF station (data number 271).
Table 5.
Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) (W m−2) simulated and observed at the CF station (data number 271).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | −2.8 | 34.4 | 25.6 | 24.7 | 3.6 | 118.6 | 115.0 |
EXP2a | −23.3 | 13.9 | 21.9 | 10.7 | −33.0 | 88.2 | 121.2 |
EXP3a | −27.1 | 10.1 | 15.3 | 9.6 | −26.8 | 50.8 | 77.6 |
OBS | 0.0 | 37.2 | 18.0 | 36.3 | −52.0 | 86.2 | 91.4 |
EXP1b | 27.8 | 65.0 | 46.4 | 55.3 | 4.4 | 156.5 | 152.1 |
EXP2b | 1.1 | 38.3 | 51.5 | 15.6 | −79.0 | 151.1 | 230.1 |
EXP3b | −9.1 | 28.1 | 35.2 | 16.8 | −44.5 | 107.3 | 151.8 |
Table 6.
SHF (W m−2) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 354).
Table 6.
SHF (W m−2) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 354).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 1.4 | 35.6 | 26.2 | 25.5 | 1.9 | 130.6 | 128.1 |
EXP2a | −8.9 | 25.3 | 26.5 | 19.2 | −54.7 | 96.9 | 151.6 |
EXP3a | −26.3 | 7.9 | 14.9 | 6.8 | −33.8 | 46.9 | 80.7 |
OBS | 0.0 | 34.2 | 16.1 | 33.8 | −5.5 | 77.1 | 82.6 |
EXP1b | 29.1 | 63.3 | 46.9 | 43.2 | 2.8 | 162.7 | 159.9 |
EXP2b | 10.7 | 44.9 | 50.5 | 23.5 | −80.7 | 143.8 | 224.5 |
EXP3b | −15.5 | 18.7 | 26.8 | 11.9 | −47.5 | 105.3 | 152.8 |
Table 7.
SHF (W m−2) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 323).
Table 7.
SHF (W m−2) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 323).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 19.5 | 48.3 | 33.1 | 34.8 | 3.5 | 143.9 | 140.4 |
EXP2a | −9.6 | 19.2 | 22.1 | 14.3 | −43.4 | 88.2 | 131.6 |
EXP3a | −2.9 | 6.9 | 16.3 | 5.0 | −34.0 | 49.3 | 83.3 |
OBS | 0.0 | 28.8 | 13.3 | 30.0 | −7.5 | 64.4 | 71.9 |
EXP1b | 49.9 | 78.7 | 55.0 | 72.4 | 4.4 | 182.0 | 177.6 |
EXP2b | 4.9 | 33.7 | 45.0 | 13.2 | −99.5 | 150.9 | 250.4 |
EXP3b | −7.2 | 21.6 | 33.0 | 11.3 | −44.1 | 107.5 | 151.6 |
Table 8.
Latent heat flux (LHF) (W m−2) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 268).
Table 8.
Latent heat flux (LHF) (W m−2) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 268).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 6.8 | 74.4 | 57.2 | 44.5 | 8.9 | 189.3 | 180.4 |
EXP2a | 28.2 | 95.8 | 50.7 | 96.1 | 6.1 | 204.6 | 198.5 |
EXP3a | 20.7 | 88.3 | 28.6 | 89.3 | 17.2 | 154.3 | 137.1 |
OBS | 0.0 | 67.6 | 24.4 | 70.1 | 11.1 | 124.9 | 113.8 |
EXP1b | −13.5 | 54.1 | 52.5 | 29.6 | 8.7 | 226.0 | 217.3 |
EXP2b | 22.6 | 90.2 | 59.0 | 77.3 | 7.6 | 296.0 | 288.4 |
EXP3b | 13.1 | 80.7 | 38.0 | 82.3 | 19.1 | 186.6 | 167.5 |
Table 9.
Soil temperature (TS) (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 494).
Table 9.
Soil temperature (TS) (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 494).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 1.1 | 16.2 | 10.8 | 17.7 | −2.9 | 32.9 | 35.8 |
EXP2a | −2.3 | 12.8 | 8.5 | 13.1 | −2.9 | 29.2 | 32.1 |
EXP3a | 0.5 | 15.6 | 7.5 | 16.3 | −2.0 | 27.7 | 29.7 |
OBS | 0.0 | 15.1 | 7.5 | 15.9 | 1.3 | 27.8 | 26.5 |
EXP1b | 0.9 | 16.0 | 9.9 | 17.2 | −2.8 | 31.4 | 34.2 |
EXP2b | −2.1 | 13.0 | 8.2 | 13.5 | −2.9 | 28.6 | 31.5 |
EXP3b | 0.5 | 15.6 | 7.2 | 16.3 | −2.0 | 27.5 | 29.5 |
Table 10.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 400).
Table 10.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the FB station (data number 400).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 2.0 | 18.2 | 11.9 | 21.3 | −3.0 | 34.9 | 37.9 |
EXP2a | −1.1 | 15.1 | 9.9 | 17.3 | −2.6 | 30.2 | 32.8 |
EXP3a | −0.1 | 16.1 | 8.4 | 18.4 | −0.6 | 27.8 | 28.4 |
OBS | 0.0 | 16.2 | 8.8 | 19.1 | 1.2 | 28.3 | 27.1 |
EXP1b | 1.3 | 17.5 | 11.3 | 20.0 | −3.1 | 32.8 | 35.9 |
EXP2b | −1.2 | 15.0 | 9.7 | 17.6 | −2.6 | 29.8 | 32.4 |
EXP3b | −0.1 | 16.1 | 8.2 | 18.5 | −0.6 | 27.7 | 28.3 |
Table 11.
Volumetric water content (VWC) (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 427).
Table 11.
Volumetric water content (VWC) (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated and observed at the CO station (data number 427).
| Bias | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP1a | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.28 |
EXP2a | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.23 |
EXP3a | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.19 |
OBS | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.33 |
EXP1b | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 0.21 |
EXP2b | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.18 |
EXP3b | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.16 |
Table 12.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
Table 12.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 80.9 | 75.0 | 71.8 | −46.2 | 222.7 | 268.9 |
EXP4 | 129.9 | 82.3 | 135.0 | −21.2 | 266.1 | 287.3 |
EXP3b | 69.3 | 55.4 | 71.1 | −33.5 | 170.5 | 204.0 |
EXP5 | 117.4 | 56.8 | 130.5 | 8.5 | 213.1 | 204.6 |
Table 13.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
Table 13.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 71.2 | 76.1 | 61.0 | −50.2 | 215.4 | 265.6 |
EXP4 | 113.5 | 88.5 | 121.4 | −25.0 | 252.6 | 277.6 |
EXP3b | 66.8 | 57.6 | 68.1 | −37.6 | 169.5 | 207.1 |
EXP5 | 118.8 | 55.5 | 132.8 | 9.3 | 211.3 | 202.0 |
Table 14.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
Table 14.
RNET (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 72.4 | 73.8 | 61.4 | −46.6 | 215.2 | 261.8 |
EXP4 | 125.7 | 84.5 | 127.4 | −23.8 | 268.6 | 292.4 |
EXP3b | 65.7 | 55.6 | 67.4 | −36.0 | 165.9 | 201.9 |
EXP5 | 116.1 | 55.9 | 129.1 | 8.1 | 210.5 | 202.4 |
Table 15.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
Table 15.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 16.6 | 41.2 | 2.0 | −79.0 | 151.1 | 230.1 |
EXP4 | 28.2 | 29.0 | 27.1 | −45.4 | 139.4 | 184.8 |
EXP3b | 14.2 | 29.0 | 5.6 | −55.1 | 112.7 | 167.8 |
EXP5 | 28.2 | 25.6 | 30.9 | −57.5 | 83.8 | 141.3 |
Table 16.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
Table 16.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 19.8 | 43.7 | 4.6 | −80.7 | 143.8 | 224.5 |
EXP4 | 4.5 | 16.3 | 3.3 | −86.4 | 56.6 | 143.0 |
EXP3b | 7.9 | 21.4 | 3.0 | −58.1 | 105.3 | 163.4 |
EXP5 | 24.9 | 23.6 | 28.1 | −46.0 | 71.0 | 117.0 |
Table 17.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
Table 17.
SHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 16.0 | 37.5 | 4.9 | −99.5 | 150.9 | 250.4 |
EXP4 | 17.4 | 20.4 | 14.3 | −36.4 | 94.5 | 130.9 |
EXP3b | 11.1 | 27.0 | 3.3 | −59.6 | 110.3 | 169.9 |
EXP5 | 12.2 | 17.8 | 13.2 | −42.7 | 51.1 | 93.8 |
Table 18.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
Table 18.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 61.8 | 61.0 | 40.0 | −17.8 | 278.1 | 295.9 |
EXP4 | 54.8 | 47.9 | 38.2 | −6.2 | 179.5 | 185.7 |
EXP3b | 54.6 | 41.2 | 44.5 | −8.7 | 174.5 | 183.2 |
EXP5 | 42.9 | 28.0 | 38.0 | −9.3 | 110.0 | 119.3 |
Table 19.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
Table 19.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 48.6 | 55.0 | 32.4 | −21.9 | 281.3 | 303.2 |
EXP4 | 64.3 | 60.2 | 45.2 | −7.0 | 200.4 | 207.4 |
EXP3b | 58.2 | 45.0 | 50.2 | −27.0 | 187.9 | 214.9 |
EXP5 | 46.7 | 30.7 | 39.7 | −3.3 | 130.4 | 133.7 |
Table 20.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
Table 20.
LHF (W m−2) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 54.1 | 57.2 | 37.3 | −20.6 | 296.0 | 316.6 |
EXP4 | 62.3 | 56.1 | 44.2 | −4.0 | 209.5 | 213.5 |
EXP3b | 54.1 | 41.6 | 45.0 | −23.4 | 186.6 | 210.0 |
EXP5 | 57.0 | 37.9 | 50.3 | −5.6 | 159.1 | 164.7 |
Table 21.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
Table 21.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 13.2 | 8.8 | 13.5 | −2.9 | 29.9 | 32.8 |
EXP4 | 11.3 | 8.5 | 11.2 | −4.4 | 27.5 | 31.9 |
EXP3b | 14.9 | 7.2 | 15.3 | −1.3 | 27.9 | 29.2 |
EXP5 | 14.2 | 7.0 | 14.2 | −1.7 | 26.5 | 28.2 |
Table 22.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
Table 22.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 12.2 | 8.5 | 11.9 | −2.9 | 28.6 | 31.5 |
EXP4 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 10.5 | −5.2 | 24.9 | 30.1 |
EXP3b | 14.5 | 7.4 | 15.4 | −2.0 | 27.5 | 29.5 |
EXP5 | 12.7 | 6.7 | 12.8 | −1.6 | 24.4 | 26.0 |
Table 23.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FU station.
Table 23.
TS (°C) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FU station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 13.5 | 8.7 | 13.6 | −2.6 | 30.0 | 32.6 |
EXP4 | 11.8 | 8.3 | 11.9 | −3.4 | 27.7 | 31.1 |
EXP3b | 14.5 | 7.5 | 15.3 | −1.7 | 27.7 | 29.4 |
EXP5 | 13.3 | 6.8 | 13.3 | −1.4 | 24.9 | 26.3 |
Table 24.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
Table 24.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CF station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 0.230 | 0.050 | 0.250 | 0.150 | 0.330 | 0.180 |
EXP4 | 0.270 | 0.080 | 0.270 | 0.110 | 0.440 | 0.330 |
EXP3b | 0.250 | 0.060 | 0.270 | 0.150 | 0.350 | 0.200 |
EXP5 | 0.350 | 0.020 | 0.350 | 0.280 | 0.430 | 0.150 |
Table 25.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
Table 25.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the CO station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.18 |
EXP4 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.28 |
EXP3b | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.16 |
EXP5 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 0.22 |
Table 26.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
Table 26.
VWC (m3 m−3) (0–10 cm) simulated by UTOPIA and NOAH, initialized with GLDAS, at the FB station.
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Min | Max | Range |
---|
EXP2b | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.15 |
EXP4 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.32 |
EXP3b | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.16 |
EXP5 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.24 |