Mental Health and Family Functioning in Patients and Their Family Members after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- Describe and compare aspects of mental health and family functioning in home-dwelling patients with TBI and their family members at 6–18 months post-injury (i.e., the study inclusion time)
- (b)
- Explore individual- and family functioning-related factors that are associated with mental health.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Sources
2.5. Study Sample Size
2.6. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
Injury Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. Post-Injury Functioning
4.2. Family Functioning
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients (n = 61) | Family Members (n = 63) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Mean (SD) | Frequency (%) | Mean (SD) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 43.8 (11.2) | 42.6 (11.3) | ||
Sex (% females) | 33 (54.1) | 33 (52.4) | ||
Comorbidity | 12 (19.6) | |||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 35 (57.4) | 37 (58.7) | ||
Partner/cohabitant | 24 (39.3) | 24 (38.1) | ||
Single | 2 (3.3) | 2 (3.2) | ||
Length of relationship | ||||
<1 year | 3 (5.0) | 3 (4.9) | ||
1–5 years | 7 (11.9) | 8 (13.1) | ||
>5 years | 49 (83.1) | 50 (82.0) | ||
Living arrangement | ||||
Living in the same household as the patient | 57 (90.5) | |||
Number of people living in the patient’s household | 3.1 (1.2) | |||
Education | ||||
Low | 16 (26.2) | 15 (23.8) | ||
High | 45 (73.8) | 48 (76.2) | ||
Patients’ pre-injury work status | ||||
Not working | 4 (6.6) | |||
Working | 57 (93.4) | |||
Current work status | ||||
Full-time work | 5 (8.2) | 53 (84.1) | ||
Partial sick-leave | 33 (54.1) | 4 (6.3) | ||
Sick-leave | 23 (37.7) | 6 (9.5) | ||
Type of relation to the injured | ||||
Partner/spouse | 58 (92.1) | |||
Parent | 1 (1.6) | |||
Child | 4 (6.3) |
Injury Characteristics (n = 61) | Frequency (%) | Mean (SD)/Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 15 (14, 15) | |
Mild TBI | 50 (82.0) | |
Moderate TBI | 3 (4.9) | |
Severe TBI | 8 (13.1) | |
AIS head score | 1.0 (1, 3) | |
Intracranial injury | 18 (29.5) | |
Surgical procedure | 8 (13.1) | |
Falls | 23 (37.7) | |
Traffic accidents | 19 (31.1) | |
Mechanical object | 14 (23.0) | |
Violence/Assault | 2 (3.3) | |
Others | 3 (4.9) | |
Time since injury (weeks) | 49.4 (36, 69) | |
Length of stay (days) | 5.4 (range 0–37) | |
RPQ total score (n = 56) | 27.7 (11.1) | |
Self-reported comorbidities (n = 59) | 11 (18.6%) |
Outcome | Patients | Family Members | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean difference | p-Values | |
SF-36 MCS | 41.8 (9.9) | 47.7 (9.0) | 5.9 | 0.001 |
GH (SF-36) | 45.8 (10.6) | 54.4 (10.0) | 8.6 | <0.001 |
QOLIBRI overall scale | 58.1 (16.1) | - | - | - |
FACES IV circumplex ratio | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.2) | 0.1 | 0.692 |
FCS | 65.7 (26.3) | 66.4 (25.0) | 0.7 | 0.884 |
FSS | 55.6 (28.7) | 55.3 (26.4) | 0.3 | 0.946 |
PHQ-9 | 9.6 (5.1) | 6.3 (4.3) | 3.3 | <0.001 |
GAD-7 | 6.0 (4.2) | 4.9 (3.7) | 1.1 | 0.193 |
RSA | 107.2 (16.6) | 113.9 (16.2) | 6.7 | 0.025 |
GSE | 30.1 (5.1) | 31.8 (4.5) | 1.7 | 0.044 |
Outcome Variable MCS | Univariate Regression | Multiple Regression Backward | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (C.I.) | p-Value | B | p-Value | 95% C.I. | |
Age | 0.09 (−0.68, 0.25) | 0.265 | |||
Sex (female/male) | 3.09 (−0.42, 6.58) | 0.084 | 2.56 | 0.038 | (0.14, 5.0) |
Relation (patient/family) | 5.85 (2.47, 9.23) | 0.001 | |||
FACES IV circumplex ratio | 2.37 (0.91, 3.84) | 0.002 | |||
FCS | 0.08 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.018 | |||
FSS | 0.11 (0.05, 0.17) | <0.001 | |||
PHQ-9 | −1.41 (−1.67, −1.16) | <0.001 | −0.79 | <0.001 | (−1.16, −0.43) |
GAD-7 | −1.59 (−1.94, −1.25) | <0.001 | −0.64 | 0.003 | (−1.06, −0.22) |
RSA | 0.32 (0.23, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.007 | (0.04, 0.21) |
GSE | 0.96 (0.63, 1.28) | <0.001 | |||
GH (SF-36) | 0.43 (0.29, 0.57) | <0.001 | |||
R2 | 0.576 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.562 | ||||
F value | 39.76 | <0.001 |
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Rasmussen, M.S.; Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.; Andelic, N.; Nordenmark, T.H.; Soberg, H.L. Mental Health and Family Functioning in Patients and Their Family Members after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100670
Rasmussen MS, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Andelic N, Nordenmark TH, Soberg HL. Mental Health and Family Functioning in Patients and Their Family Members after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100670
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasmussen, Mari S., Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, Nada Andelic, Tonje H. Nordenmark, and Helene L. Soberg. 2020. "Mental Health and Family Functioning in Patients and Their Family Members after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study" Brain Sciences 10, no. 10: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100670