Pain Behavior of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Coded with the New PAIC-15 and Validation of Its Arabic Translation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Pressure Algometer
2.2.2. PAIC-15
3. Procedures
3.1. Stimulation and Recording Procedures
3.2. The Translation Process of the PAIC-15 from English to Arabic
4. Data Analysis
5. Results
5.1. The Study Groups
5.2. PAIC-15 Original Version: Comparison between the IDD and TDC Groups
5.3. PAIC-15 Original Version: Correlation between Its Scores and Stimulation Intensities within Groups
5.4. PAIC-15 Arabic Version: Comparison between the IDD and TDC Groups
5.5. PAIC-15 Arabic Version: Correlation between Its Scores and Stimulation Intensities within Groups
5.6. Comparison between the Original (English) and the Translated (Arabic) PAIC-15 Versions
5.7. Inter-Rater Reliability of the Arabic PAIC-15
6. Discussion
6.1. The PAIC-15 as a Measure of Pain for IDD
6.2. The Arabic Translation of the PAIC-15
6.3. Limitations
6.4. Conclusions and Clinical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intellectual and Developmental Disability | Typically Developing Controls | p-Value # | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 30 | 15 | |
Females (n, %) | (53) 16 | 8 (53) | 1 |
Age (M, SD) | 35.5 (6) | 31.3 (8) | 0.07 |
IDD etiology (n, %): | |||
Cerebral palsy | 13 (43) | -- | |
Down syndrome | 8 (27) | -- | |
Unspecified IDD | 9 (30) | -- | |
IDD level (n, %): | |||
Mild | 16 (53) | -- | |
Mild–moderate | 7 (23) | -- | |
Moderate | 7 (23) | -- |
English | Arabic | ICC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IDD | TDCs | Total | IDD | TDCs | Total | ||
Frowning | 9 (30) | 4 (27) | 13 | 9 (30) | 4 (27) | 13 | 1.00 |
Narrowing eyes | 17 (57) | 5 (33) | 22 | 14 (47) | 3 (20) | 17 | 0.86 |
Raising upper lip | 18 (60) ** | 2 (13) | 20 | 5 (17) | 1 (7) | 6 | 0.49 ^^ |
Opening mouth | 22 (73) *** | 2 (13) | 24 | 17 (57) ** | 1 (7) | 18 | 0.86 |
Looking tense | 17 (57) ** | 1 (7) | 18 | 17 (57) * | 3 (20) | 20 | 0.39 |
Freezing | 18 (60) * | 4 (27) | 22 | 14 (47) | 5 (33) | 19 | 0.58 |
Guarding | 3 (10) | 0 | 3 | 5 (17) | 0 | 5 | 0.65 |
Resisting care | 2 (7) | 0 | 2 | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 | 0.70 |
Rubbing | 2 (7) | 0 | 2 | 4 (13) | 0 | 4 | 0.56 |
Restlessness | 2 (7) | 0 | 2 | 2 (7) | 0 | 2 | 0.42 |
Pain-related words | 9 (30) | 1 (7) | 10 | 6 (20) | 0 | 6 | 0.89 |
Shouting | 4 (13) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | --- ^ |
Groaning | 5 (17) | 0 | 5 | 5 (17) | 0 | 5 | 0.75 |
Mumbling | 3 (10) | 1 (7) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | --- ^ |
Complaining | 4 (13) | 0 | 4 | 6 (20) | 0 | 6 | 0.47 |
SUM score (m ± SD) | 9.8(7) * | 2.4(3) | 6.1(4) | 6.5(4) * | 2.4(2) | 4.4(3) | 0.89 |
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Defrin, R.; Beshara, H.; Benromano, T.; Hssien, K.; Pick, C.G.; Kunz, M. Pain Behavior of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Coded with the New PAIC-15 and Validation of Its Arabic Translation. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101254
Defrin R, Beshara H, Benromano T, Hssien K, Pick CG, Kunz M. Pain Behavior of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Coded with the New PAIC-15 and Validation of Its Arabic Translation. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(10):1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101254
Chicago/Turabian StyleDefrin, Ruth, Heba Beshara, Tali Benromano, Kutaiba Hssien, Chaim G. Pick, and Miriam Kunz. 2021. "Pain Behavior of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Coded with the New PAIC-15 and Validation of Its Arabic Translation" Brain Sciences 11, no. 10: 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101254
APA StyleDefrin, R., Beshara, H., Benromano, T., Hssien, K., Pick, C. G., & Kunz, M. (2021). Pain Behavior of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Coded with the New PAIC-15 and Validation of Its Arabic Translation. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101254