Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception
Abstract
:1. Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception
2. Definitions of Key Terms and Concepts
2.1. Neural Representations of Actions
2.2. Knowledge of Actions
- Internal models for the control of the muscle activities that generate the movements. Various scholars have described the control of actions by signals from the brain using motor programs [93] or on the basis of models in which individuals select motor commands for a specific context, depending on multiple internal and external factors [92]. Motor programs are representations of rules for the execution of movements, according to which the spatial and temporal activity patterns of certain muscles are organized and controlled [93]. These programs are supposed to be stored in motor brain structures in a generalized or abstract format. “Models for motor control” [94], on the other hand, describe the control of actions more in connection with adjustments to specific action contexts and courses. Individuals transform sensory information into motor commands. The resulting movements produce sensory outcomes that provide feedback for further motor control.
- Somatosensory processes or sensations, for example, in relation to proprioception, the processing of haptic or tactile information, heat, cold, or pain [9,10,74,92,95,96]. A crucial property of the knowledge about movements, internal models, and somatosensory processes and sensations is that this knowledge includes information about changes over time and outcomes of these changes [10,56,92,94]. Individuals can use this change-related information to anticipate the immediate further course of an action that they are performing or observing [56,62,73,97]. Somatosensory anticipation plays a particularly important role in performing actions [10,79,96]. It conveys information about the immediate somatosensory consequences of movements, for example, proprioceptive or tactile stimulation.
- Knowledge of the desired outcomes of movements, that is, of action goals [91]. Knowledge of goals includes goals at different hierarchical levels. The overarching goal of an action is often referred to in the literature as the “intention” [3,50]. Goals of actions are related to motives, needs, or desires and have a certain importance or value. For this reason, mental representations of motor actions fundamentally include an emotional component [11,55,57].
3. Cognitive Products of Processing Observed Actions in the AON
3.1. Action Understanding
3.1.1. Generalization and Categorization
3.1.2. Conceptual and Semantic Processes in Action Categorization
3.2. Knowledge of Specific Properties of Observed Actions
3.3. Changes in Motor and Somatosensory Excitability
3.4. Activation of a Motivational or Emotional State
3.5. Experiences That Are Accompanied by Conscious Awareness
4. Cognitive Products of Neural Responses to Action Photos in the AON
5. Specific Representational Characteristics of Action Photos
5.1. Clarity of the Pictured Movements
5.2. Visibility of Muscle Activities and Skin
5.3. Visibility of Somatosensory Operations or Sensations
5.4. Clarity of the Involved Object or Context
5.5. Clarity of the Action Goal
5.6. Emotional Value of the Action or Sensation
5.7. Questions for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brain Areas | Studies |
---|---|
Extrastriate body area (EBA) | Downing et al., 2006 [14]; Hafri et al., 2017 [15]; Lu et al., 2016 [16]; O’Toole et al., 2014 [17]; Proverbio et al., 2009 [18]; Thierry et al., 2006 [19] |
Middle temporal area (MT) | Hafri et al., 2017 [15]; Hermsdörfer et al., 2001 [20]; Kolesar et al., 2017 [21]; Kourtzi & Kanwisher, 2000 [22]; Lu et al., 2016 [16]; O’Toole et al., 2014 [17]; Proverbio et al., 2009 [18] |
Additional regions of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) | Arioli et al., 2018 [23]; Canessa et al., 2012 [24]; Hafri et al., 2017 [15]; Hermsdörfer et al., 2001 [20]; Kourtzi & Kanwisher, 2000 [22]; O’Toole et al., 2014 [17]; Pierno et al., 2008 [25]; Proverbio et al., 2011 [26] |
Inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and/or intraparietal sulus (IPS) | Bühler et al., 2008 [27]; Canessa et al., 2012 [24]; Ferretti et al., 2005 [28]; Gu & Han, 2007 [29]; Hafri et al., 2017 [15]; Hermsdörfer et al., 2001 [20]; Kolesar et al., 2017 [21]; Ogawa & Inui, 2011 [30]; Proverbio et al., 2009 [18]; Redouté et al., 2000 [31]; Wehrum et al., 2013 [32] |
Premotor cortex (PMC) and/or inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) | Arioli et al., 2018 [23]; Canessa et al., 2012 [24]; Hafri et al., 2017 [15]; Johnson-Frey et al., 2003 [33]; Kolesar et al., 2017 [21]; Mazzarella et al., 2013 [34]; Ogawa & Inui, 2011 [30]; Pierno et al., 2008 [25]; Proverbio et al., 2009 [18]; Watson et al., 2014 [35] |
Primary and/or secondary somatosensory cortex (S1, S2) | Bolognini et al., 2013 [36]; Bühler et al., 2008 [27]; Cheng et al., 2008 [37]; Gu & Han, 2007 [29]; Proverbio et al., 2011 [26] |
Insula | Arioli et al., 2018 [23]; Bühler et al., 2008 [27]; Deuse et al., 2016 [38]; Gu & Han, 2007 [29]; Jackson et al., 2005 [39]; Kolesar et al., 2017 [21]; Wehrum et al., 2013 [32] |
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) | Bühler et al., 2008 [27]; Gu & Han, 2007 [29]; Jackson et al., 2005 [39]; Kolesar et al., 2017 [21]; Proverbio et al., 2009 [18], 2011 [26]; Redouté et al., 2000 [31]; Wehrum et al., 2013 [32] |
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) | Bühler et al., 2008 [27]; Deuse et al., 2016 [38]; Redouté et al., 2000 [31]; Wehrum et al., 2013 [32] |
Amygdala | Deuse et al., 2016 [38]; Ferretti et al., 2005 [28]; Hadjikhani & de Gelder, 2003 [40]; Pierno et al., 2008 [25]; Poyo Solanas et al., 2018 [41] |
Changes in Corticospinal Excitability, Motor Facilitation, and/or Downstream Modulation | |
---|---|
Photos as stimuli | Amoruso et al., 2020 [44]; Borgomaneri et al., 2014 [58], 2015 [59], 2015 [55]; Catmur et al., 2011 [60]; Hajcak et al., 2007 [61]; Urgesi et al., 2006 [62], 2010 [56] |
Video clips (or apparent motion cues) as stimuli | Mc Cabe et al., 2015 [52]; Ubaldi et al., 2015 [66]; Urgesi et al., 2006 [71] |
Real actions as stimuli | Fadiga et al., 1995 [72]; Feurra et al., 2019 [2] |
Muscle specificity in changed motor excitability and facilitation | |
Photos as stimuli | Amoruso et al., 2020 [44]; Borgomaneri et al., 2015 [55]; Catmur et al., 2011 [60]; Urgesi et al., 2006 [62], 2010 [56] |
Real actions as stimuli | Fadiga et al., 1995 [72] |
Activations in the AON form a neural simulation of a pictured action | |
Photos as stimuli | Bolognini et al., 2013 [36]; Borgomaneri et al., 2012 [57], 2015 [59]; Urgesi et al., 2006 [62], 2010 [56] |
Video clips as stimuli | Bolognini et al., 2011 [54]; Avenanti et al., 2018 [73] a; Jacquet & Avenanti, 2015 [12] |
Specific causal contributions from certain brain areas in action perception | |
Photos as stimuli | Bolognini et al., 2013 [36]; Catmur et al., 2011 [60]; Urgesi et al., 2007 [63] |
Video clips as stimuli | Avenanti et al., 2018 [73] a; Bolognini et al., 2011 [54]; Jacquet & Avenanti, 2015 [12]; Valchev et al., 2016 [10], 2017 [74] |
Involvement of somatosensory activations in action perception | |
Photos as stimuli | Bolognini et al., 2013 [36] |
Video clips as stimuli | Bolognini et al., 2011 [54]; Jacquet & Avenanti, 2015 [12]; Valchev et al., 2016 [10], 2017 [74] |
Real actions as stimuli | Avikainen et al., 2002 [75] b |
Time courses of neural processing stages of pictured actions | |
Photos as stimuli | Avanzini et al., 2013 [64]; Borgomaneri et al., 2014 [58], 2015 [59], 2015 [55] |
Video clips (or apparent motion cues) as stimuli | Barchiesi & Cattaneo, 2013 [76]; Ubaldi et al., 2015 [66] |
Close connections between the processing of body postures and emotional value or behavioral relevance | |
Photos as stimuli | Borgomaneri et al., 2012 [57], 2014 [58], 2015 [59], 2015 [55]; Hajcak et al., 2007 [61]; van Loon et al., 2010 [77] |
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Kislinger, L. Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111382
Kislinger L. Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111382
Chicago/Turabian StyleKislinger, Leopold. 2021. "Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111382