Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback on Health Locus of Control, Depression, and Quantitative Electroencephalography Alpha Asymmetry in Elderly Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background of Study
1.2. Purpose of Study
2. Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Research Participants
2.3. Research Procedures
2.3.1. Preliminary Assessment
2.3.2. Intervention: Cognicise-Neurofeedback
2.3.3. Outcome Assessment
Health Locus of Control
Depression
Quantitative Electroencephalography
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Test of Homogeneity
3.2. Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Categories | Mean (SD)/Frequency (%) | t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. (n = 19) | Cont. (n = 12) | |||
Age (years) | ≥65 and ≤82 | 74.58 (5.34) | 74.33 (4.03) | 0.136 (0.892) |
Religion | Christianity | 9 (47.4) | 2 (16.7) | 0.659 (0.515) |
Buddhism | 6 (31.6) | 4 (33.3) | ||
Catholicism | 0 (0.0) | 5 (41.7) | ||
None | 4 (21.1) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Health status | Very good | 1 (5.3) | 1 (8.3) | 0.533 (0.598) |
Good | 5 (26.3) | 4 (33.3) | ||
Neutral | 8 (42.1) | 5 (41.7) | ||
Poor | 4 (21.1) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Very Poor | 1 (5.3) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Economic status | Very good | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.746 (0.462) |
Good | 3 (15.8) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Neutral | 5 (26.3) | 6 (50.0) | ||
Poor | 4 (21.1) | 3 (25.0) | ||
Very Poor | 7 (36.8) | 2 (16.7) | ||
Residential types | Home with family | 12 (63.2) | 6 (50.0) | 0.705 (0.486) |
Living alone | 7 (36.8) | 6 (50.0) | ||
Concerns over dementia | very worried | 6 (31.6) | 4 (33.3) | 0.825 (0.416) |
worried | 8 (42.1) | 4 (33.3) | ||
Neutral | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Not worry | 1 (5.3) | 2 (16.7) | ||
Not worry at all | 1 (5.3) | 2 (16.7) | ||
Cognitive function | ≥15 and ≤30 | 25.78 (3.64) | 25.92 (2.75) | 0.112 (0.911) |
≥15 and ≤19 | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
≥20 and ≤24 | 6 (31.6) | 4 (33.3) | ||
≥25 and ≤30 | 12 (63.1) | 8 (66.7) | ||
Social support for exercise | ≥7 and ≤35 | 22.58 (8.39) | 18.08 (9.15) | 1.404 (0.171) |
Characteristics | Mean (SD) | t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|
Exp. (n = 19) | Cont. (n = 12) | ||
Locus of Control | |||
Internality | 28.37 (4.88) | 30.75 (3.17) | 1.499 (0.145) |
Powerful others’ externality | 24.68 (4.81) | 23.83 (5.65) | 0.079 (0.938) |
Chance externality | 27.53 (4.72) | 28.17 (4.95) | 0.361 (0.721) |
Depression | 25.95 (13.53) | 19.50 (10.93) | 1.387 (0.176) |
Frontal alpha asymmetry | 5.23 (36.58) | 6.82 (53.10) | 0.099 (0.922) |
Characteristics | Exp. (n = 19) | Cont. (n = 12) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | t (p) | Mean (SD) | t (p) | |||
Pretest | Posttest | Pretest | Posttest | |||
Locus of Control | ||||||
Internality | 28.37 (4.88) | 28.04 (3.38) | 0.254 (0.802) | 30.75 (3.17) | 26.01 (3.88) | 3.023 (0.012) * |
Powerful others’ externality | 24.68 (4.81) | 23.47 (6.32) | 0.883 (0.389) | 23.83 (5.65) | 23.58 (3.29) | 0.864 (0.406) |
Chance externality | 27.53 (4.72) | 25.47 (6.32) | 1.186 (0.251) | 28.17 (4.95) | 26.67 (3.39) | 1.017 (0.331) |
Depression | 25.95 (13.53) | 14.88 (7.93) | 4.113 (0.001) * | 19.50 (10.93) | 14.45 (9.77) | 1.929 (0.080) |
Frontal alpha asymmetry | 5.23 (36.58) | −0.07 (19.76) | 0.491 (0.629) | 6.82 (53.10) | 0.15 (16.34) | 0.413 (0.687) |
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Weon, H.; Yoo, J.; Yu, J.; Park, M.; Son, H. Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback on Health Locus of Control, Depression, and Quantitative Electroencephalography Alpha Asymmetry in Elderly Women. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070899
Weon H, Yoo J, Yu J, Park M, Son H. Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback on Health Locus of Control, Depression, and Quantitative Electroencephalography Alpha Asymmetry in Elderly Women. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(7):899. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070899
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeon, Heewook, Jieun Yoo, Jumhwa Yu, Miso Park, and Haekyoung Son. 2021. "Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback on Health Locus of Control, Depression, and Quantitative Electroencephalography Alpha Asymmetry in Elderly Women" Brain Sciences 11, no. 7: 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070899