The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- ◦
- Any contraindication for six-minute walk test (6MWT) [17];
- ◦
- Failed the balance test stork stand with open eyes [18];
- ◦
- Extreme obesity (body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2);
- ◦
- Any known neurodegenerative disease from the medical history or sign through neurological examination suggesting neurodegenerative disease, and musculoskeletal disability which could impair maximum exercise capacity;
- ◦
- Active self-reported symptoms (chest pain, fatigue and/or dyspnea);
- ◦
2.1. Measurements
2.1.1. Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition
2.1.2. Oxidative Stress
2.1.3. Pulmonary Function Test
2.1.4. Cognitive Assessment
2.1.5. Physical Fitness Test
2.2. Interventions Exercise Program
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Adherence to Program
3.2. Body Composition, Oxidative Stress, Respiratory Performance, Physical Fitness, and Hemodynamic Parameters
3.3. Oxygen Saturation
3.4. Cognitive Assessment
4. Discussion
4.1. Strength and Limitations of Study
4.2. Recommendations for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Weeks | Aerobic Exercise a | Strength Exercise | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intensity b | Duration c | Sets | Resistance d | Sets | Repetitions | Rest e | Exercise Type f | |
1st | 90% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 6 | 40 s | F1, F2, F5, F6 |
2nd | 90% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 6 | 40 s | F1, F2, F5, F6 |
3rd | 95% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 8 | 40 s | F1, F2, F5, F6 |
4th | 95% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 8 | 50 s | F1, F2, F3, F5, F6 |
5th | 100% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 10 | 50 s | F1, F2, F3, F5, F6 |
6th | 100% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 2 | 10 | 50 s | F1, F2, F3, F5, F6 |
7th | 105% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 8 | 40 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 |
8th | 105% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 8 | 40 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 |
9th | 110% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 10 | 50 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F8 |
10th | 110% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 10 | 50 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F8 |
11th | 110% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 12 | 40 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 |
12th | 110% | 30 min | 1 | Body mass | 3 | 12 | 40 s | F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 |
Hybrid Exercise Group | Tele-Exercise Group | Cohen’s d | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 12 w | % Changes within Group | Baseline | After 12 w | % Changes within Group | Baseiline | After 12 w | ||
Age | years | 60.0 ± 9.5 | - | - | 58.7 ± 9.5 | - | - | 0.13 | - |
Sex (Female) | n | 6 | - | - | 8 | - | - | - | - |
Body mass index | kg/m2 | 30.5 ± 4.0 | 30.7 ± 4.0 | 3.4 ± 4.3 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 28.9 ± 4.8 # | 4.9 ± 3.9 | 0.58 | 0.53 |
Lean body mass | kg | 62.1 ± 6.5 | 62.4 ± 6.5 | 0.4 ± 3.2 | 58.7 ± 7.1 | 59.9 ± 7.4 | 1.8 ± 3.1 | 0.50 | 0.36 |
Body fat | % | 32.9 ± 9.2 | 30.8 ± 8.5 # | −7.7 ± 12.7 | 32.7 ± 9.6 | 31.0 ± 9.0 | −1.0 ± 20.1 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Muscle mass | kg | 29.8 ± 4.5 | 33.5 ± 7.4 # | 8.0 ± 17.6 | 29.7 ± 4.3 | 32.8 ± 13.3 | 7.0 ± 38.9 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
Visceral fat | score | 14.1 ± 4.3 | 13.6 ± 4.3 | −4.0 ± 11.7 | 12.3 ± 4.2 * | 11.2 ± 4.1 # | −7.0 ± 22.2 | 0.42 | 0.57 |
Neck circumference | cm | 40.0 ± 3.5 | 38.1 ± 4.2 # | −6.5 ± 7.0 | 38.2 ± 3.8 | 37.9 ± 3.6 | −4.3 ± 3.5 | 0.49 | 0.28 |
Waist–hip ratio | m | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −5.3 ± 6.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | −5.1 ± 3.8 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Δchest | cm | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 2.0 # | 33.1 ± 20.9 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 10.3 ± 57.8 | 0.62 | 0.12 |
d-ROMs | U. carr. | 337.7 ± 76.3 | 376.5 ± 102.4 | 8.7 ± 35.6 | 302.8 ± 77.0 | 316.3 ± 70.2 | 20.6 ± 39.8 | 0.46 | 0.69 |
PAT | U. cor. | 2671.9 ± 400.1 | 2823.0 ± 537.1 | 7.6 ± 27.7 | 2586.7 ± 414.1 | 2786.1 ± 365.4 | 12.5 ± 44.6 | 0.21 | 0.08 |
FEV1 | % of predicted | 90.7 ± 18.5 | 91.7 ± 19.9 | 6.3 ± 25.8 | 92.4 ± 16.5 | 100.2 ± 15.2 # | −6.3 ± 25.8 | 0.10 | 0.48 |
FVC | % of predicted | 90.5 ± 16.6 | 91.9 ± 18.5 | 6.6 ± 26.6 | 93.0 ± 15.3 | 99.2 ± 14.3 # | 6.6 ± 26.6 | 0.16 | 0.44 |
PEF | % of predicted | 106.4 ± 23.8 | 102.9 ± 26.0 | −0.6 ± 31.5 | 106.8 ± 25.9 | 113.2 ± 25.3 | 0.6 ± 31.5 | 0.02 | 0.40 |
DLCO | % of predicted | 77.3 ± 13.5 | 80.9 ± 17.7 | 0.5 ± 32.3 | 67.7 ± 16.6 # | 79.7 ± 15.2 † | 26.0 ± 33.1 | 0.63 | 0.07 |
Handgrip | kg | 31.7 ± 10.1 | 33.4 ± 10.0 * | 9.0 ± 7.2 | 32.5 ± 9.0 | 33.5 ± 10.1 * | 9.1 ± 7.5 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
30 s sit-to-stand | repetitions | 11.4 ± 3.4 | 13.9 ± 2.5 † | 19.8 ± 15.9 | 12.4 ± 3.0 | 14.7 ± 4.3 * | 23.9 ± 7.7 | 0.31 | 0.22 |
6MWT | m | 440.5 ± 95.3 | 521.4 ± 88.0 † | 15.5 ± 12.4 | 500.8 ± 114.9 | 555.6 ± 107.9 † | 13.7 ± 12.8 | 0.57 | 0.35 |
6MWT | % of predicted | 84.4 ± 16.8 | 99.8 ± 13.1 † | - | 87.1 ± 25.9 | 101.9 ± 16.5 † | - | 0.12 | 0.14 |
Leg fatigue BS-resting | score | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.3 * | −3.2 ± 1.9 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | - | 0.24 | 0.64 |
Leg fatigue BS-end 6MWT | score | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.38 | 0.23 |
Dyspnea BS-resting | score | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 * | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.28 | 0.68 |
Dyspnea BS-end 6MWT | score | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 0.8 * | −3.9 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.0 ± 1.4 * | −3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.36 | 0.44 |
SBP resting | mmHg | 136.2 ± 15.9 | 128.0 ± 9.1 * | −5.5 ± 12.6 | 125.4 ± 15.3 | 128.2 ± 13.6 | −1.5 ± 14.3 | 0.69 | 0.02 |
SBP end-6MWT | mmHg | 155.8 ± 15.4 | 151.6 ± 12.3 | −2.2 ± 11.4 | 151.7 ± 26.8 # | 146.3 ± 19.8 # | −6.4 ± 23.7 | 0.19 | 0.32 |
DBP resting | mmHg | 83.1 ± 11.4 | 83.8 ± 5.6 | - | 78.7 ± 7.9 | 81.0 ± 7.6 | −2.5 ± 9.8 | 0.45 | 0.42 |
DBP end-6MWT | mmHg | 86.8 ± 9.1 | 87.1 ± 6.9 | 0.7 ± 12.7 | 85.2 ± 10.3 | 81.3 ± 9.2 | 1.9 ± 26.1 | 0.16 | 0.71 |
HR resting | bpm | 77.9 ± 16.0 | 76.5 ± 11.2 | −2.3 ± 21.8 | 79.2 ± 13.6 | 76.8 ± 12.9 | −4.6 ± 15.1 | 0.09 | 0.47 |
HR end-6MWT | bpm | 113.2 ± 19.0 | 110.6 ± 16.8 | −6.5 ± 12.4 | 123.8 ± 18.4 | 113.5 ± 17.2 | −6.0 ± 28.7 | 0.57 | 0.17 |
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Stavrou, V.T.; Vavougios, G.D.; Astara, K.; Mysiris, D.S.; Tsirimona, G.; Papayianni, E.; Boutlas, S.; Daniil, Z.; Hadjigeorgiou, G.; Bargiotas, P.; et al. The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070693
Stavrou VT, Vavougios GD, Astara K, Mysiris DS, Tsirimona G, Papayianni E, Boutlas S, Daniil Z, Hadjigeorgiou G, Bargiotas P, et al. The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(7):693. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070693
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavrou, Vasileios T., George D. Vavougios, Kyriaki Astara, Dimitrios S. Mysiris, Glykeria Tsirimona, Eirini Papayianni, Stylianos Boutlas, Zoe Daniil, Georgios Hadjigeorgiou, Panagiotis Bargiotas, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Different Exercise Modes in Fitness and Cognitive Indicators: Hybrid versus Tele-Exercise in Patients with Long Post-COVID-19 Syndrome" Brain Sciences 14, no. 7: 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070693