Brain Sciences

22 pages, 557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“I Can’t Get No Satisfaction”—Psychosocial Aspects and Awareness of Negative Impacts in Chemsex Users: Results from an Anonymous Online Survey

by Marcus Gertzen, Sinan Karcher, Johanna Schwarz, Cornelia Rosenberger, Moritz Strasburger, Andrea Rabenstein, Anna-Martina Strasser, Ulrich Palm and Tobias Rüther

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070666 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Chemsex is the interplay of substance use by men who have sex with men (MSM) in sexual contexts. The minority stress model and the identity process theory are explanatory models. In this study, we investigated whether (i) differences in certain psychosocial aspects (i.e., [...] Read more.

Chemsex is the interplay of substance use by men who have sex with men (MSM) in sexual contexts. The minority stress model and the identity process theory are explanatory models. In this study, we investigated whether (i) differences in certain psychosocial aspects (i.e., shame, aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts) exist between chemsex users and non-users, and (ii) which factors influence an awareness of negative impacts in chemsex users. We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional, online survey, including sociodemography, sexual history, history of substance use, validated scales for shame-proneness, aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts. Our analysis comprised descriptive statistics, t-tests, Spearman’s correlations, and a multiple linear regression model. We recorded a total of 3257 datasets with 107 chemsex users. Chemsex users showed higher rates for risky sexual behavior. Values for shame proneness, more negative aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts were elevated in chemsex users with an awareness of negative impacts. Sexual anxiety, intravenous substance use, and having had a difficult process coming out were significant predictors of feeling negative impacts. Aspects of shame, queer identity aspects, and sexual self-concepts play an important role in the field of chemsex. Different explanatory models seem to be relevant for different subgroups of chemsex users. Chemsex users with an awareness of a problem were particularly vulnerable and distressed but had the highest motivation for change. Prevention, counseling, and care might profit from the inclusion of these aspects. Further anti-stigma campaigns and a specialization of the healthcare system are needed. Registration: DRKS00022336, date: 29th of October, 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue)

18 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Action Naming in Aphasia Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Manon Spigarelli, Audrey Lalancette, Hugo Massé-Alarie and Maximiliano A. Wilson

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070665 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Anomia, characterized by difficulty in word retrieval, particularly action verbs, poses a significant challenge in post-stroke aphasia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained attention for language processing investigations and interventions. This systematic review explores the potential of rTMS as a modality to [...] Read more.

Anomia, characterized by difficulty in word retrieval, particularly action verbs, poses a significant challenge in post-stroke aphasia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has gained attention for language processing investigations and interventions. This systematic review explores the potential of rTMS as a modality to address action-verb deficits in post-stroke aphasia. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL via Ebsco and Web of Science in February 2024 for English articles (1996–2024). Eligible studies involved post-stroke aphasia action naming rehabilitation with rTMS. In some of these studies, rTMS was combined with speech-language therapy. In total, 10 studies were included in this systematic review. These articles highlight the potential of rTMS in improving verb retrieval deficits. While significant improvements may not be evident, notable progress both before and after intervention is observed in this review. However, it also underscores the need for further research to enhance language recovery for individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Neurology, Psychiatry, and Rehabilitation)

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15 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Virtual Reality Reaction Training Protocol on Physical and Cognitive Skills of Young Adults and Their Neural Correlates: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study

by Andrea Casella, Camilla Panacci, Merve Aydin, Stefania Lucia, BiancaMaria Di Bello and Francesco Di Russo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070663 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Increasing evidence shows that virtual reality (VR) training is highly effective in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. Another modern form of training is cognitive–motor dual-task training (CMDT), which has been demonstrated to rapidly improve physical and cognitive functions in real environments. This study aims [...] Read more.

Increasing evidence shows that virtual reality (VR) training is highly effective in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. Another modern form of training is cognitive–motor dual-task training (CMDT), which has been demonstrated to rapidly improve physical and cognitive functions in real environments. This study aims to test whether a VR-based CMDT protocol can be used for motor and cognitive skill enhancement in young, healthy subjects. For this aim, 24 university students participated in a randomized control trial. The experimental group participated in a 5-week virtual reality reaction training (VRRT), performing 30 min sessions once a week. The control group did not receive any training but was tested twice with the same measures and temporal distance as the experimental group. Before and after the intervention, motor, cognitive, and electrophysiological measures were assessed. The results showed that following VRRT, the response time for both physical and cognitive tests was improved by about 14% and 12%, respectively, while the control group did not show significant changes. Moreover, electrophysiological data revealed a significant increase in anticipatory motor readiness in premotor brain areas in the experimental group only; however, cognitive top–down control tended to be increased in prefrontal areas after VRRT. This training protocol in a VR modality seems to be as effective as other CMDT methodologies carried out in a real modality. Still, it has the advantages of being more flexible and more user-friendly compared to standard training. The VRRT’s efficacy on physical and cognitive functions indicates that virtual reality applications can be used by the young population, not only for entertainment purposes but also in the form of cognitive–motor training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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26 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Pre-Sleep Visual Media Exposure on Dreams: A Scoping Review

by Ajar Diushekeeva, Santiago Hidalgo and Antonio Zadra

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070662 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

A body of experimental research has aimed to investigate processes underlying dream formation by examining the effects of a range of pre-sleep stimuli and events on subsequent dream content. Given its ever-growing presence and salience in people’s everyday lives, pre-sleep media consumption stands [...] Read more.

A body of experimental research has aimed to investigate processes underlying dream formation by examining the effects of a range of pre-sleep stimuli and events on subsequent dream content. Given its ever-growing presence and salience in people’s everyday lives, pre-sleep media consumption stands out as a key variable that could influence people’s dreams. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate the experimental evidence of the effects of pre-sleep exposure to visual media on dream content. A systematic search on PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science using terms related to moving visual media and dreams yielded 29 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Overall, we found modest yet varied effects of pre-sleep exposure to visual media on dream content, with rates of stimulus-related incorporation ranging from 3% to 43% for REM dream reports, 4% to 30% for NREM sleep mentation reports, and between 11% and 35% for home dream reports. Our review highlights the large methodological heterogeneity and gaps across studies, the general difficulty in influencing dream content using pre-sleep exposure to visual media, and suggests promising venues for future research to advance our understanding of how and why digital media may impact people’s dreams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dreaming and Sleep-Related Metacognitions)

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17 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creatine Kinase and Respiratory Decline in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

by João Pedro Correia, Marta Gromicho, Ana Catarina Pronto-Laborinho, Miguel Oliveira Santos and Mamede de Carvalho

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070661 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Abstract

Respiratory dysfunction is an important hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elevation of creatine kinase (CK) has been reported in 23–75% of ALS patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This work aims to enlighten the role of CK as a prognostic factor [...] Read more.

Respiratory dysfunction is an important hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elevation of creatine kinase (CK) has been reported in 23–75% of ALS patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This work aims to enlighten the role of CK as a prognostic factor of respiratory dysfunction in ALS. A retrospective analysis of demographic and clinical variables, CK, functional decline per month (ΔFS), forced vital capacity (%FVC), and mean amplitude of the phrenic nerve compound motor action potential (pCMAP) in 319 ALS patients was conducted. These measurements were evaluated at study entry, and patients were followed from the moment of first observation until death or last follow-up visit. High CK values were defined as above the 90th percentile (CK ≥ P90) adjusted to sex. We analyzed survival and time to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as proxies for respiratory impairment. Linear regression analysis revealed that high CK was associated with male sex (p < 0.001), spinal onset (p = 0.018), and FVC ≥ 80% (p = 0.038). CK was 23.4% higher in spinal-onset ALS patients (p < 0.001). High CK levels were not linked with an increased risk of death (p = 0.334) in Cox multivariate regression analysis. CK ≥ P90 (HR = 1.001, p = 0.038), shorter disease duration (HR = 0.937, p < 0.001), lower pCMAP (HR = 0.082, p < 0.001), and higher ΔFS (HR = 1.968, p < 0.001) were risk factors for respiratory failure. The association between high CK levels and poorer respiratory outcomes could derive from cellular metabolic stress or a specific phenotype associated with faster respiratory decline. Our study suggests that CK measurement at diagnosis should be more extensively investigated as a possible marker of poor respiratory outcome in future studies, including a larger population of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Considerations for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapy)

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14 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Children and Adolescents with Depression before and after a Remediation Program: An Event-Related Potential Study

by Nikolaos C. Zygouris

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070660 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 43

Abstract

Depression is clinically diagnosed when a defined constellation of symptoms manifests over a specific duration with notable severity. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by the presence of five or [...] Read more.

Depression is clinically diagnosed when a defined constellation of symptoms manifests over a specific duration with notable severity. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by the presence of five or more symptoms persisting for at least two weeks. As a profound mental health condition affecting millions globally, depression presents a considerable challenge for researchers and clinicians alike. In pediatric and adolescent populations, depression can precipitate adverse outcomes, including substance abuse, academic difficulties, risky sexual behaviors, physical health problems, impaired social relationships, and a markedly elevated risk of suicide—up to thirty times higher than the general population. This paper details a study that evaluated the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) alone vs. CBT combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in a treatment program. The study cohort comprised sixteen (16) children and adolescents diagnosed with depression (eight males and eight females) and sixteen (16) typically developing peers (eight males and eight females) aged from 9 to 15 years (Mean age = 11.94, standard deviation = 2.02). Initial assessments employed Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and reaction time measurements. The results reveal that participants with depression exhibit cognitive deficits in attention and memory, as evidenced by prolonged P300 latencies. Following intervention with either CBT alone or CBT combined with medication, the depressed participants demonstrated significant improvements, evidenced by lower CDI scores, reduced P300 latencies, and faster reaction times, both compared to their pre-treatment status and relative to the control group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG and Event-Related Potentials)

25 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessReview

Centralizing the Knowledge and Interpretation of Pain in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Paradigm Shift towards Brain-Centric Approaches

by Mário Cunha, Isaura Tavares and José Tiago Costa-Pereira

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070659 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 39

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a side effect of cancer treatment, often linked with pain complaints. Patients report mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity that may emerge during chemotherapy treatment and may persist after cancer remission. Whereas the latter situation disturbs the quality of life, [...] Read more.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a side effect of cancer treatment, often linked with pain complaints. Patients report mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity that may emerge during chemotherapy treatment and may persist after cancer remission. Whereas the latter situation disturbs the quality of life, life itself may be endangered by the appearance of CIPN during cancer treatment. The causes of CIPN have almost entirely been ascribed to the neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in the peripheral nervous system. However, the central consequences of peripheral neuropathy are starting to be unraveled, namely in the supraspinal pain modulatory system. Based on our interests and experience in the field, we undertook a review of the brain-centered alterations that may underpin pain in CIPN. The changes in the descending pain modulation in CIPN models along with the functional and connectivity abnormalities in the brain of CIPN patients are analyzed. A translational analysis of preclinical findings about descending pain regulation during CIPN is reviewed considering the main neurochemical systems (serotoninergic and noradrenergic) targeted in CIPN management in patients, namely by antidepressants. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of studying supraspinal areas involved in descending pain modulation to understand the pathophysiology of CIPN, which will probably allow a more personalized and effective CIPN treatment in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience of Pain)

15 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Optimizing and Predicting Antidepressant Efficacy in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Using Multi-Omics Analysis and the Opade AI Prediction Tools

by Giulio Corrivetti, Francesco Monaco, Annarita Vignapiano, Alessandra Marenna, Kaia Palm, Salvador Fernández-Arroyo, Eva Frigola-Capell, Volker Leen, Oihane Ibarrola, Burak Amil, Mattia Marco Caruson, Lorenzo Chiariotti, Maria Alejandra Palacios-Ariza, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Hsin-Yin Chiang, Alexandru Floareș, Andrea Fagiolini and Alessio Fasano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070658 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 88

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), major depressive disorder (MDD) is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and the second most common disease after cardiovascular events. Approximately 280 million people live with MDD, with incidence varying by age and gender (female [...] Read more.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), major depressive disorder (MDD) is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and the second most common disease after cardiovascular events. Approximately 280 million people live with MDD, with incidence varying by age and gender (female to male ratio of approximately 2:1). Although a variety of antidepressants are available for the different forms of MDD, there is still a high degree of individual variability in response and tolerability. Given the complexity and clinical heterogeneity of these disorders, a shift from “canonical treatment” to personalized medicine with improved patient stratification is needed. OPADE is a non-profit study that researches biomarkers in MDD to tailor personalized drug treatments, integrating genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, immune response, and clinical data for analysis. A total of 350 patients between 14 and 50 years will be recruited in 6 Countries (Italy, Colombia, Spain, The Netherlands, Turkey) for 24 months. Real-time electroencephalogram (EEG) and patient cognitive assessment will be correlated with biological sample analysis. A patient empowerment tool will be deployed to ensure patient commitment and to translate patient stories into data. The resulting data will be used to train the artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) predictive tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

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14 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration-Induced Alteration in Trunk Extensor Muscle Proprioception as a Model for Impaired Trunk Control in Low Back Pain

by John R. Gilliam, Debdyuti Mandal, Peemongkon Wattananon, Sourav Banerjee, Troy M. Herter and Sheri P. Silfies

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070657 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 147

Abstract

This study examined the impact of personalizing muscle vibration parameters on trunk control. We assessed how altered trunk extensor muscle (TEM) proprioception affects seated trunk control in healthy controls (HCs). To explore the link between altered TEM proprioception and impaired trunk control in [...] Read more.

This study examined the impact of personalizing muscle vibration parameters on trunk control. We assessed how altered trunk extensor muscle (TEM) proprioception affects seated trunk control in healthy controls (HCs). To explore the link between altered TEM proprioception and impaired trunk control in chronic low back pain (cLBP), we performed equivalence testing between HCs undergoing TEM vibration and cLBP without vibration. Twenty HCs performed active joint reposition error (AJRE) testing to determine personalized vibration parameters. Each participant maintained balance on an unstable chair with eyes open and closed, with and without TEM vibration. We compared trunk control between HCs and twenty age- and sex-matched cLBP participants, using mean velocity and 95% confidence ellipse area of center-of-pressure changes to quantify trunk postural control. Equivalence was examined by comparing mean difference scores to minimal detectable change values and calculating between-group effect sizes. Personalized vibration parameters led to larger lumbopelvic repositioning errors (d = 0.89) than any single vibration frequency (d = 0.31–0.36). In healthy adults with no back pain, vision had large effects on postural control (η_p² = 0.604–0.842), but TEM vibration had no significant effects (p > 0.105) or interactions with vision (p > 0.423). Between-group effect sizes (d = 0.32–0.51) exceeded our threshold for performance equivalence (d < 0.2). Muscle vibration altered position sense during AJRE testing, and personalizing parameters amplified this effect. However, TEM vibration had minimal impact on seated trunk postural control in adults with no back pain and did not lead to performance degradation comparable to that in cLBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Altered Musculoskeletal Sensory Input and Neuromechanics)

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18 pages, 5352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Young Plasma Therapy on Cognition, Oxidative Stress, miRNA-134, BDNF, CREB, and SIRT-1 Expressions and Neuronal Survey in the Hippocampus of Aged Ovariectomized Rats with Alzheimer’s

by Parisa Habibi, Siamak Shahidi, Maryam Khajvand-Abedini, Zahra Shahabi, Nasser Ahmadiasl, Mohammad Reza Alipour, Mahdi Ramezani and Alireza Komaki

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070656 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 136

Abstract

Menopause may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. This study aimed to use young plasma therapy (YPT) to improve dementia caused by AD in aged ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats were used in the following groups: (a) young (CY) (180–200 g, [...] Read more.

Menopause may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia. This study aimed to use young plasma therapy (YPT) to improve dementia caused by AD in aged ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats were used in the following groups: (a) young (CY) (180–200 g, 2–3 months, n = 10) and (b) old groups (250–350 g, 22–24 months, n = 60). The old rats were randomly assigned to six sub-groups: (1) control, (2) sham, (3) ovariectomized group (OVX), (4) OVX + Alzheimer disease (OVX + AD), (5) OVX + AD+ 17β-Estradiol (OVX + AD + E), and (6) OVX + AD + young plasma (OVX + AD + YP). Cognitive behaviors were evaluated using NOR, MWM, and PAL tests. MiR-134a, SIRT-1, CREB, and BDNF expressions were measured using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Oxidative stress in hippocampal tissue was assayed using ELISA kits. OVX and AD caused significant cognitive impairment (p < 0.001), up-regulated miR-134a (p < 0.001), down-regulated SIRT-1, CREB, and BDNF protein expression (p < 0.001), and decreased antioxidant marker levels (p < 0.001) compared to the sham group. YPT significantly restored miR-134a (p < 0.001), SIRT-1 (p < 0.001), CREB (p < 0.001), and BDNF (p < 0.001) protein expression in OVX + AD rats. YPT, as much as or more than estrogen therapy (ERT), significantly improved oxidative stress and down-regulated miR-134a expression and the up-regulation of SIRT-1, CREB, and BDNF proteins in OVX + AD rats (p < 0.001). YPT significantly improved histological alteration compared to the OVX + AD group (p < 0.001). As a non-pharmacological treatment, YPT can improve the expression of miR-134a and SIRT-1, CREB, and BDNF proteins as much as or more than estrogen therapy, ameliorating AD-induced dementia in aged OVX rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models of Neurological Disorders)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of the Use of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation in Children with Dyslexia: Follow-up after One Year

by Giuseppa Maresca, Francesco Corallo, Maria Cristina De Cola, Caterina Formica, Silvia Giliberto, Giuseppe Rao, Maria Felicita Crupi, Angelo Quartarone and Alessandra Pidalà

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070655 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 195

Abstract

Dyslexia is a common learning disorder that hinders reading fluency and comprehension. Traditional treatments can be tedious for children, limiting their effectiveness. This study investigated the one-year effects of rehabilitation treatment with a virtual reality rehabilitation system (VRRS) on children with dyslexia. Twenty-four [...] Read more.

Dyslexia is a common learning disorder that hinders reading fluency and comprehension. Traditional treatments can be tedious for children, limiting their effectiveness. This study investigated the one-year effects of rehabilitation treatment with a virtual reality rehabilitation system (VRRS) on children with dyslexia. Twenty-four children were divided into control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups. The CG underwent conventional neuropsychological treatment (CNT), while the EG underwent VR neurorehabilitation training (VRNT) using the VRRS. Neuropsychological evaluation was conducted before treatment, after six months, and again after one year for both groups. Compared to the control group, children who received VR training showed significant improvement in reading skills, especially in non-word reading and reading speed, even after one year without further VR intervention. VRRS can improve treatment adherence and minimize symptoms by offering engaging activities for children. These findings suggest VRRS may be a valuable tool for dyslexia rehabilitation with long-lasting effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight in the Application of Rehabilitation Devices in Neurological Disease)

20 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Complex Relationship between Sleep and Cognitive Reserve: A Narrative Review Based on Human Studies

by Francesca Balsamo, Erica Berretta, Debora Meneo, Chiara Baglioni and Francesca Gelfo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070654 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and [...] Read more.

Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and reserve exert on each other. Up to 6 February 2024, a methodical search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed database with terms related to brain, cognitive or neural reserve, and healthy or disturbed sleep. Based on the inclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected and analyzed for this review. The articles focus almost exclusively on cognitive reserve, with no explicit connection between sleep and brain or neural reserve. The results evidence sleep’s role as a builder of cognitive reserve and cognitive reserve’s role as a moderator in the effects of physiological and pathological sleep on cognitive functions. In conclusion, the findings of the present review support the notion that both sleep and cognitive reserve are critical factors in cognitive functioning. Deepening comprehension of the interactions between them is essential for devising strategies to enhance brain health and resilience against age- and pathology-related conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Cognitive Function)

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26 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessReview

Have I Been Touched? Subjective and Objective Aspects of Tactile Awareness

by Emanuele Cirillo, Claudio Zavattaro, Roberto Gammeri, Hilary Serra, Raffaella Ricci and Anna Berti

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070653 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 127

Abstract

Somatosensory tactile experience is a key aspect of our interaction with the environment. It is involved in object manipulation, in the planning and control of actions and, in its affective components, in the relationships with other individuals. It is also a foundational component [...] Read more.

Somatosensory tactile experience is a key aspect of our interaction with the environment. It is involved in object manipulation, in the planning and control of actions and, in its affective components, in the relationships with other individuals. It is also a foundational component of body awareness. An intriguing aspect of sensory perception in general and tactile perception in particular is the way in which stimulation comes to consciousness. Indeed, although being aware of something seems a rather self-evident and monolithic aspect of our mental states, sensory awareness may be in fact modulated by many different processes that impact on the mere stimulation of the skin, including the way in which we perceive our bodies as belonging to us. In this review, we first took into consideration the pathological conditions of absence of phenomenal experience of touch, in the presence of implicit processing, as initial models for understanding the neural bases of conscious tactile experience. Subsequently, we discussed cases of tactile illusions both in normal subjects and in brain-damaged patients which help to understand which high-order processes impact tactile awareness. Finally, we discussed the observations reported in the review in light of some influential models of touch and body representation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Neuropsychology)

15 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Classification of Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment from Written Picture Description Tasks

by Hana Kim, Argye E. Hillis and Charalambos Themistocleous

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070652 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 292

Abstract

Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between cognitively healthy aging and dementia, are characterized by subtle neurocognitive changes. Clinically, they can be grouped into two main variants, namely patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). The distinction of [...] Read more.

Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between cognitively healthy aging and dementia, are characterized by subtle neurocognitive changes. Clinically, they can be grouped into two main variants, namely patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). The distinction of the two variants is known to be clinically significant as they exhibit different progression rates to dementia. However, it has been particularly challenging to classify the two variants robustly. Recent research indicates that linguistic changes may manifest as one of the early indicators of pathology. Therefore, we focused on MCI’s discourse-level writing samples in this study. We hypothesized that a written picture description task can provide information that can be used as an ecological, cost-effective classification system between the two variants. We included one hundred sixty-nine individuals diagnosed with either aMCI or naMCI who received neurophysiological evaluations in addition to a short, written picture description task. Natural Language Processing (NLP) and a BERT pre-trained language model were utilized to analyze the writing samples. We showed that the written picture description task provided 90% overall classification accuracy for the best classification models, which performed better than cognitive measures. Written discourses analyzed by AI models can automatically assess individuals with aMCI and naMCI and facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, therapy planning, and evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics)

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23 pages, 374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia

by Marcel-Alexandru Gaina, Stefan-Vladimir Sbarcea, Bianca-Stefana Popa, Bogdan-Victor Stefanescu, Alexandra-Maria Gaina, Andreea-Silvana Szalontay, Alexandra Bolos and Cristinel Stefanescu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070651 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Background: Specific phobias impact over 400 million people worldwide. Digitalizing mental health could alleviate the burden. Still, although the corporate-driven Metaverse is expanding rapidly, there needs to be more momentum in harnessing virtual reality exposure therapy uptake. Objective: This study aims to conceptualize, [...] Read more.

Background: Specific phobias impact over 400 million people worldwide. Digitalizing mental health could alleviate the burden. Still, although the corporate-driven Metaverse is expanding rapidly, there needs to be more momentum in harnessing virtual reality exposure therapy uptake. Objective: This study aims to conceptualize, develop, and deploy a free Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) application specifically designed for treating acrophobia and claustrophobia. This pilot study, which holds the promise of a future where mental health is more accessible and effective, explores the feasibility of leveraging transdisciplinary collaboration among specialists to create a safe, accessible, and effective VRET solution. Methods: We conducted a Delphi heuristic approach involving bioethicists, neuroscientists, and tech developers. Second, we reviewed the existing psychological theories and therapeutic strategies for addressing phobias in VR. Third, we conceptualized a thematic analysis-derived framework for a safe, adaptive-gamified free exposure to virtual reality acrophobia and claustrophobia (SAFEvR ACT). Finally, we provide an overview of the iterative improvements made during 12 workshops and 76 weekly briefings on developmental implementations. Results: We developed the SAFEvR ACT into a proof-of-concept application freely deployed on the MentalVerse app platform. Our safety-focused approach can benefit from prevalidation perspectives within future randomized control trials. Conclusions: The resulting application derived from the SAFEvR ACT framework represents a blueprint to counter the current lack of iVR mental health uptake by offering a free VRET alternative. Future research should aim towards developing similar free platforms to lessen mental health burdens and gather quantitative data. We conclude with a call to action to researchers to fine-tune our current approach and take a stand for free digital mental health within MentalVeRse.app. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reality and Gamified Applications as Therapeutic Tools in Mental Health)

13 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Activation of the Spinal Cord with Epidural Electrical Stimulation

by Carlos Cuellar, Lauri Lehto, Riaz Islam, Silvia Mangia, Shalom Michaeli and Igor Lavrov

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070650 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 150

Abstract

Spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has been successfully employed to treat chronic pain and to restore lost functions after spinal cord injury. Yet, the efficacy of this approach is largely challenged by the suboptimal spatial distribution of the electrode contacts across anatomical [...] Read more.

Spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has been successfully employed to treat chronic pain and to restore lost functions after spinal cord injury. Yet, the efficacy of this approach is largely challenged by the suboptimal spatial distribution of the electrode contacts across anatomical targets, limiting the spatial selectivity of stimulation. In this study, we exploited different ESS paradigms, designed as either Spatial-Selective Stimulation (SSES) or Orientation-Selective Epidural Stimulation (OSES), and compared them to Conventional Monopolar Epidural Stimulation (CMES). SSES, OSES, and CMES were delivered with a 3- or 4-contact electrode array. Amplitudes and latencies of the Spinally Evoked Motor Potentials (SEMPs) were evaluated with different EES modalities. The results demonstrate that the amplitudes of SEMPs in hindlimb muscles depend on the orientation of the electrical field and vary between stimulation modalities. These findings show that the electric field applied with SSES or OSES provides more selective control of amplitudes of the SEMPs as compared to CMES. We demonstrate that spinal cord epidural stimulation applied with SSES or OSES paradigms in the rodent model could be tailored to the functional spinal cord neuroanatomy and can be tuned to specific target fibers and their orientation, optimizing the effect of neuromodulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Chronic Pain Research: Focus on Neuroimaging)

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13 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of WNT Signaling Genes in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia

by Smita Sahay, Abdul-rizaq Hamoud, Mahasin Osman, Priyanka Pulvender and Robert E. McCullumsmith

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070649 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 175

Abstract

Gene expression alterations in postmortem schizophrenia tissue are well-documented and are influenced by genetic, medication, and epigenetic factors. The Wingless/Integrated (WNT) signaling pathway, critical for cell growth and development, is involved in various cellular processes including neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. Despite its importance, [...] Read more.

Gene expression alterations in postmortem schizophrenia tissue are well-documented and are influenced by genetic, medication, and epigenetic factors. The Wingless/Integrated (WNT) signaling pathway, critical for cell growth and development, is involved in various cellular processes including neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. Despite its importance, WNT signaling remains understudied in schizophrenia, a disorder characterized by metabolic and bioenergetic defects in cortical regions. In this study, we examined the gene expression of 10 key WNT signaling pathway transcripts: IQGAP1, CTNNβ1, GSK3β, FOXO1, LRP6, MGEA5, TCF4, βTRC, PPP1Cβ, and DVL2 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using postmortem tissue from schizophrenia subjects (n = 20, 10 males, 10 females) compared to age, pH, and postmortem interval (PMI)-matched controls (n = 20, 10 males, 10 females). Employing the R-shiny application Kaleidoscope, we conducted in silico “lookup” studies from published transcriptomic datasets to examine cell- and region-level expression of these WNT genes. In addition, we investigated the impact of antipsychotics on the mRNA expression of the WNT genes of interest in rodent brain transcriptomic datasets. Our findings revealed no significant changes in region-level WNT transcript expression; however, analyses of previously published cell-level datasets indicated alterations in WNT transcript expression and antipsychotic-specific modulation of certain genes. These results suggest that WNT signaling transcripts may be variably expressed at the cellular level and influenced by antipsychotic treatment, providing novel insights into the role of WNT signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia)

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14 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessReview

Translating Molecular Approaches to Oligodendrocyte-Mediated Neurological Circuit Modulation

by Jingwei Song, Aybike Saglam, J. Bradley Zuchero and Vivek P. Buch

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070648 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits remarkable adaptability throughout life, enabled by intricate interactions between neurons and glial cells, in particular, oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This adaptability is pivotal for learning and memory, with OLs and OPCs playing a crucial [...] Read more.

The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits remarkable adaptability throughout life, enabled by intricate interactions between neurons and glial cells, in particular, oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This adaptability is pivotal for learning and memory, with OLs and OPCs playing a crucial role in neural circuit development, synaptic modulation, and myelination dynamics. Myelination by OLs not only supports axonal conduction but also undergoes adaptive modifications in response to neuronal activity, which is vital for cognitive processing and memory functions. This review discusses how these cellular interactions and myelin dynamics are implicated in various neurocircuit diseases and disorders such as epilepsy, gliomas, and psychiatric conditions, focusing on how maladaptive changes contribute to disease pathology and influence clinical outcomes. It also covers the potential for new diagnostics and therapeutic approaches, including pharmacological strategies and emerging biomarkers in oligodendrocyte functions and myelination processes. The evidence supports a fundamental role for myelin plasticity and oligodendrocyte functionality in synchronizing neural activity and high-level cognitive functions, offering promising avenues for targeted interventions in CNS disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Neurotherapeutic Technologies)

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13 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Kinematic Information on Action Anticipation and the Related Neurophysiological Associations in Volleyball Experts

by Xizhe Li, Danlei Wang, Siyu Gao and Chenglin Zhou

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070647 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 173

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying action anticipation in volleyball players, especially concerned with the differences between experts and amateurs. Participants included both expert (male, N = 26) and amateur (male, N = 23) volleyball players, who were asked to [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying action anticipation in volleyball players, especially concerned with the differences between experts and amateurs. Participants included both expert (male, N = 26) and amateur (male, N = 23) volleyball players, who were asked to predict spiking movements containing high, medium, and low levels of kinematic information while their electrophysiological activities were recorded. The high-information stimuli included the whole spiking action, the medium-information stimuli ended at 120 ms, and the low-information stimuli ended at 160 ms before hand–ball contact. The results showed that experts significantly outperformed amateurs in both prediction accuracy (68% in experts vs. 55% in amateurs) and reaction time (475.09 ms in experts vs. 725.81 ms in amateurs) under the medium-information condition. Analysis of alpha rhythm activity revealed that experts exhibited the strongest desynchronization under the low-information condition, suggesting increased attentional engagement. In contrast, amateurs showed the weakest desynchronization under the medium-information condition. Furthermore, mu rhythm activity analysis showed greater desynchronization in the duration of 100–300 ms before hand–ball contact for experts, correlating with their higher anticipation accuracy. These findings highlight the significant kinematic information-processing abilities of volleyball experts and elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying efficient attentional engagement and mirroring. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for the development of targeted training programs through which to enhance athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mind in Motion: Exploring Neuropsychophysiological Aspects of Sports Performance, Health and Physical Activity)

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11 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessReview

Uncovering Interoceptive Human Insular Lobe Function through Intraoperative Cortical Stimulation—A Review

by Pascal O. Zinn, Ahmed Habib, Hansen Deng, Neslihan Nisa Gecici, Hayat Elidrissy, Yassine Alami Idrissi, Mohammadreza Amjadzadeh and Natalie Sandel Sherry

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070646 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 269

Abstract

The insular cortex, a critical hub in the brain’s sensory, cognitive, and emotional networks, remains an intriguing subject of study. In this article, we discuss its intricate functional neuroanatomy, emphasizing its pivotal role in processing olfactory information. Through concise exploration, we delve into [...] Read more.

The insular cortex, a critical hub in the brain’s sensory, cognitive, and emotional networks, remains an intriguing subject of study. In this article, we discuss its intricate functional neuroanatomy, emphasizing its pivotal role in processing olfactory information. Through concise exploration, we delve into the insula’s diverse connectivity and its involvement in sensory integration, particularly in olfaction. Stimulation studies in humans reveal compelling insights into the insula’s contribution to the perception of smell, hinting at its broader implications for cognitive processing. Additionally, we explore an avenue of research in which studying olfactory processing via insular stimulation could unravel higher-level cognitive processes. This innovative approach could help give a fresh perspective on the interplay between sensory and cognitive domains, offering valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and emotion. In conclusion, future research efforts should emphasize a multidisciplinary approach, combining advanced imaging and surgical techniques to explore the intricate functions of the human insula. Moreover, awake craniotomies could offer a unique opportunity for real-time observation, shedding light on its neural circuitry and contributions to higher-order brain functions. Furthermore, olfaction’s direct cortical projection enables precise exploration of insular function, promising insights into cognitive and emotional processes. This multifaceted approach will deepen our understanding of the insular cortex and its significance in human cognition and emotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Experience in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery)

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23 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery: Redefining Precision with New Technologies

by Manuel De Jesus Encarnacion Ramirez, Gennady Chmutin, Renat Nurmukhametov, Gervith Reyes Soto, Siddarth Kannan, Gennadi Piavchenko, Vladmir Nikolenko, Ibrahim E. Efe, Alberto Ramírez Romero, Jeff Ntalaja Mukengeshay, Keith Simfukwe, Tshiunza Mpoyi Cherubin, Federico Nicolosi, Salman Sharif, Juan Carlos Roa and Nicola Montemurro

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070645 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding [...] Read more.

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding and real-time navigation during procedures but also aims to reduce surgical invasiveness and operative times. Despite its potential, challenges such as model accuracy, user interface design, and the learning curve for new technology must be addressed. AR’s application extends beyond the operating room, offering valuable tools for medical education and improving patient communication and satisfaction. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords related to augmented reality in spine surgery, covering publications from January 2020 to January 2024. Results: In total, 319 articles were identified through the initial search of the databases. After screening titles and abstracts, 11 articles in total were included in the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion: Augmented reality (AR) is becoming a transformative force in spine surgery, enhancing precision, education, and outcomes despite hurdles like technical limitations and integration challenges. AR’s immersive visualizations and educational innovations, coupled with its potential synergy with AI and machine learning, indicate a bright future for surgical care. Despite the existing obstacles, AR’s impact on improving surgical accuracy and safety marks a significant leap forward in patient treatment and care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Technologies in Modern Neurosurgery)

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15 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

School Participation Questionnaire (SPQ): Italian Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Pilot Testing in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

by Giorgia Pietragalla, Giovanni Galeoto, Marco Moresi, Martina Ruffini, Rachele Simeon, Francescaroberta Panuccio, Donatella Valente and Anna Berardi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070644 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 161

Abstract

Introduction: According to leading occupational therapy models, the environment appears to be a key element in fostering occupational performance and participation. There is an emerging need to identify an instrument that can assess these aspects in the school environment. Currently, there are no [...] Read more.

Introduction: According to leading occupational therapy models, the environment appears to be a key element in fostering occupational performance and participation. There is an emerging need to identify an instrument that can assess these aspects in the school environment. Currently, there are no rating scales in Italy for the school participation of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. For this reason, this study aims to culturally adapt and translate the School Participation Questionnaire (SPQ) to Italian and to pilot test the translated Italian version on children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: The original scale was translated from English to Italian using the guidelines “Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures—Principles of Good Practice.” The psychometric properties analyzed were the following: content validity, construct validity, cross-cultural validity, and internal consistency. Construct validity was assessed using the Italian version of the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM). Results: The Italian version of the SPQ was administered to 22 children. The mean ± SD of the score was 9.32 ± 1.36; Cronbach’s α was 0.935 (p < 0.01). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient with the SPM scores was −0.622 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This pilot testing study for the validation of the Italian version of the SPQ showed good validity and reliability results. Thanks to this study, it would be possible to further analyze the tool for the evaluation of the environment and school participation of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular autism spectrum disorder. It is a quick and easy instrument that focuses on the environment as an active variable in the child’s occupational performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Mental Health of People with Autism)

13 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motor Intentions Decoded from fMRI Signals

by Sergio Ruiz, Sangkyun Lee, Josue Luiz Dalboni da Rocha, Ander Ramos-Murguialday, Emanuele Pasqualotto, Ernesto Soares, Eliana García, Eberhard Fetz, Niels Birbaumer and Ranganatha Sitaram

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070643 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 225

Abstract

Motor intention is a high-level brain function related to planning for movement. Although studies have shown that motor intentions can be decoded from brain signals before movement execution, it is unclear whether intentions relating to mental imagery of movement can be decoded. Here, [...] Read more.

Motor intention is a high-level brain function related to planning for movement. Although studies have shown that motor intentions can be decoded from brain signals before movement execution, it is unclear whether intentions relating to mental imagery of movement can be decoded. Here, we investigated whether differences in spatial and temporal patterns of brain activation were elicited by intentions to perform different types of motor imagery and whether the patterns could be used by a multivariate pattern classifier to detect such differential intentions. The results showed that it is possible to decode intentions before the onset of different types of motor imagery from functional MR signals obtained from fronto-parietal brain regions, such as the premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex, while controlling for eye movements and for muscular activity of the hands. These results highlight the critical role played by the aforementioned brain regions in covert motor intentions. Moreover, they have substantial implications for rehabilitating patients with motor disabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight in the Application of Rehabilitation Devices in Neurological Disease)

20 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of Playing at School: Filler Board Games Improve Visuospatial Memory and Mathematical Skills

by Verónica Estrada-Plana, Andrea Martínez-Escribano, Agnès Ros-Morente, Maria Mayoral, Agueda Castro-Quintas, Nuria Vita-Barrull, Núria Terés-Lleida, Jaume March-Llanes, Ares Badia-Bafalluy and Jorge Moya-Higueras

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070642 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 272

Abstract

The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of cognitive interventions based on modern board games in school settings to improve memory outcomes and math skills. A parallel, quasi-experimental study was carried out with children (n = 234) into third [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of cognitive interventions based on modern board games in school settings to improve memory outcomes and math skills. A parallel, quasi-experimental study was carried out with children (n = 234) into third and fourth grades (8–10 years old). School centres were allocated into a general domain intervention (playing memory board games), a specific domain intervention (playing mathematical board games) or a control group (regular classes without playing). Teachers carried out bi-weekly sessions during the last 30 min of mathematical lessons (8 weeks, 15 sessions). Before and after intervention, we individually measured verbal and visuospatial memory outcomes (short-term memory and working memory updating) and mathematical skills (number operations, number ranking, number production and problem solving). The results showed significant transfer effects of both memory and math trainings. In third grade, we found that playing math games showed medium–large effect sizes in visuospatial short-term memory and updating memory, number operations and number ranking compared to the control group. In fourth grade, we found that playing memory games showed significant small effect sizes in problem solving compared to the control group. Playing board games could be a methodology that enhances cognitive and mathematical development in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Cognitive Training on Executive Function and Cognition)

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19 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Investigating Whether a Combination of Electro-Encephalography and Gene Expression Profiling Can Predict the Risk of Chronic Pain: A Protocol for an Observational Prospective Cohort Study

by Ann-Christin Sannes, Usman Ghani, Imran Khan Niazi, Torgeir Moberget, Rune Jonassen, Heidi Haavik and Johannes Gjerstad

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070641 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 263

Abstract

Despite most episodes of low back pain (LBP) being short-lasting, some transition into persistent long-lasting problems. Hence, the need for a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms of this is pertinent. Therefore, the aims of the present study are (1) to map pain-induced [...] Read more.

Despite most episodes of low back pain (LBP) being short-lasting, some transition into persistent long-lasting problems. Hence, the need for a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms of this is pertinent. Therefore, the aims of the present study are (1) to map pain-induced changes in brain activity and blood gene expression associated with persistent LBP, and (2) to explore whether these brain and gene expression signatures show promise as predictive biomarkers for the development of persistent LBP. The participants will be allocated into three different pain groups (no pain, mild short-lasting, or moderate long-term). One in-person visit, where two blood samples will be collected and sent for RNA sequencing, along with resting 64-channel electro-encephalography measurements before, during, and after a cold pressor test, will be conducted. Thereafter, follow-up questionnaires will be distributed at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Recruitment will start during the second quarter of 2024, with expected completion by the last quarter of 2024. The results are expected to provide insight into the relationship between central nervous system activity, gene expression profiles, and LBP. If successful, this study has the potential to provide physiological indicators that are sensitive to the transition from mild, short-term LBP to more problematic, long-term LBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Altered Musculoskeletal Sensory Input and Neuromechanics)

11 pages, 2509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation Increased Target-Specific Muscle Strength and Locomotion in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

by Niraj Singh Tharu, Arnold Yu Lok Wong and Yong-Ping Zheng

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070640 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 212

Abstract

Background: The recovery of locomotion is greatly prioritized, and neuromodulation has been emerging as a promising approach in recent times. Study design: Single-subject research designSettings: A laboratory at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Objectives: To investigate the effects of augmenting activity-based therapy (ABT) [...] Read more.

Background: The recovery of locomotion is greatly prioritized, and neuromodulation has been emerging as a promising approach in recent times. Study design: Single-subject research designSettings: A laboratory at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Objectives: To investigate the effects of augmenting activity-based therapy (ABT) to transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) on enhancing specific lower limb muscle strength and improving locomotor ability in an individual with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Methods: An individual with iSCI underwent two phases of treatment, ABT alone followed by combined ABT+TSCS, each for a period of 10 weeks. The TSCS stimulated T10-T11 and T12-L1 segments with a frequency of 30 Hz at an intensity between 105 mA and 130 mA. Manual muscle testing, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and surface electromyography (EMG) responses of specific lower limb muscles were measured. Additionally, spasticity and sensorimotor examinations were conducted every two weeks, while pain tolerance was recorded after each treatment session. Results: After the ABT+TSCS treatment, there was an increase in overall muscle strength grading (from 1.8 ± 0.3 to 2.2 ± 0.6 out of 5.0). The 6MWT showed a greater increase in walking distance (3.5 m to 10 m) after combined treatment than ABT alone. In addition, the EMG response of the anterior rectus femoris, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior after ABT+TSCS increased more than after ABT alone. The spasticity grade was reduced (from 0.8 ± 0.7 to 0.5 ± 0.6) whereas the average lower limb motor score increased from 17 to 23 points. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: ABT+TSCS increased the target-specific lower limb muscle strength and walking ability more than ABT alone in an individual with chronic iSCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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11 pages, 403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Outcome in Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Submitted to Vagus Nerve Stimulation

by Samuele Santi, Filomena Fuggetta, Gabriella Colicchio, Manuela D’Ercole, Alessandro Izzo, Quintino Giorgio D’Alessandris, Benedetta Burattini, Renata Martinelli and Nicola Montano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070639 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Epilepsy treatment primarily involves antiseizure medications (ASMs) to eliminate seizures and improve the quality of life, but many patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), necessitating alternative interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in managing [...] Read more.

Epilepsy treatment primarily involves antiseizure medications (ASMs) to eliminate seizures and improve the quality of life, but many patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), necessitating alternative interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in managing DRE. We retrospectively analyzed data from 105 adult patients treated at Agostino Gemelli Hospital from 1994 to 2022. Among the 73 patients with follow-up data, 80.8% were responders, experiencing significant reductions in seizure frequency over an average follow-up period of 9.4 years. Although 19.2% were non-responders, many of these patients still opted for generator replacements due to improvements in quality of life, such as fewer falls and shorter post-ictal periods. The overall complication rate was 12.3%, with most complications being mild and manageable. These findings suggest that VNS offers substantial long-term benefits for patients with DRE, improving seizure control and quality of life. This study underscores the importance of VNS as a viable long-term treatment option for DRE, highlighting its potential to significantly enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Functional Neurosurgery)

16 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Perspectives of Deep Brain Stimulation Indications for Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review

by Renata Montes Garcia Barbosa, Miriam Carvalho Soares, Denise Maria Meneses Cury Portela, Thiago Gonçalves Guimarães and Rubens Gisbert Cury

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070638 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for patients with dopaminergic complications of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and drug-refractory PD tremor. However, DBS and its indications can be challenging, and they are not often debated in the medical community. Through a critical [...] Read more.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for patients with dopaminergic complications of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and drug-refractory PD tremor. However, DBS and its indications can be challenging, and they are not often debated in the medical community. Through a critical narrative review, the objective of this paper is to improve the comprehension of DBS indications and help to solve the puzzle that this process can be. Proper patient selection is the first step for a good surgical outcome. In this review, then, relevant considerations are discussed, involving PD genes, PD phenotypes, indications of early stages, non-motor symptoms, neuroimaging predictors, comorbidities, and age. Individualized approaches are encouraged, including clinical and radiological factors. Social support during the whole follow-up and expectations alignment are necessary through this process and are also debated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders)

15 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation

by Hye-jeong Jo, Chanmi Park, Eunyoung Lee, Jee Hang Lee, Jinwoo Kim, Sujin Han, Joohan Kim, Eun Joo Kim, Eosu Kim and Jae-Jin Kim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070637 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

One’s own voice undergoes unique processing that distinguishes it from others’ voices, and thus listening to it may have a special neural basis for self-talk as an emotion regulation strategy. This study aimed to elucidate how neural effects of one’s own voice differ [...] Read more.

One’s own voice undergoes unique processing that distinguishes it from others’ voices, and thus listening to it may have a special neural basis for self-talk as an emotion regulation strategy. This study aimed to elucidate how neural effects of one’s own voice differ from those of others’ voices on the implementation of emotion regulation strategies. Twenty-one healthy adults were scanned using fMRI while listening to sentences synthesized in their own or others’ voices for self-affirmation and cognitive defusion, which were based on mental commitments to strengthen one’s positive aspects and imagining metaphoric actions to shake off negative aspects, respectively. The interaction effect between voice identity and strategy was observed in the superior temporal sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, and parahippocampal cortex, and activity in these regions showed that the uniqueness of one’s own voice is reflected more strongly for cognitive defusion than for self-affirmation. This interaction was also seen in the precuneus, suggesting intertwining of self-referential processing and episodic memory retrieval in self-affirmation with one’s own voice. These results imply that unique effects of one’s own voice may be expressed differently due to the degree of engagement of neural sharpening-related regions and self-referential networks depending on the type of emotion regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)

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22 pages, 5910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrative Approach to the Study of Cognitive Abilities in a Non-Human Primate Model in a Virology Laboratory Environment

by Anastasia Rogova, Anna Kalyanova, Yulia Rogova, Maria Fedina, Alexandra Siniugina, Aydar Ishmukhametov and Galina Karganova

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070635 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Non-human primates, due to their similarities in immune response to humans, are the preferred model for studying infectious processes and any associated cognitive impairments. Behavioral tests are indispensable for investigating pathogenesis in neuroinfections, especially those that do not manifest with noticeable clinical symptoms, [...] Read more.

Non-human primates, due to their similarities in immune response to humans, are the preferred model for studying infectious processes and any associated cognitive impairments. Behavioral tests are indispensable for investigating pathogenesis in neuroinfections, especially those that do not manifest with noticeable clinical symptoms, as well as in the transition to a chronic form of the disease. Modeling viral infection requires specialized experimental conditions. Our work describes techniques for investigating mnemonic functions, tiredness, attentional focus, quick-wittedness, and basic behavioral responses in primates under the assumed conditions for infections with viruses that do not have an airborne route of transmission. It also outlines approaches to the training and selection of primates for virological research, as well as analyzing gender differences in learning abilities, the impact of housing conditions on the results, and the correlation between training success and behavioral test scores. These methods will allow a more detailed study of non-human primates as a model for researching cognitive and behavioral impairments under infectious and immune stress, as well as the design of less energy-intensive experiments for evaluating the efficacy and safety of therapeutic and prophylactic strategies at early stages of infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurovirology)

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