Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurements
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Comparison of Adjusted Mean CUXOS Scores between Categories of Sitting Time
3.3. Sex-Differentiated Association between Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | Men | Women | * p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects (n) | 149,772 | 85,636 | 64,136 | |
Screening center, Seoul (%) | 47.5 | 46.3 | 49.2 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 41.2 ± 9.3 | 41.6 ± 9.2 | 40.5 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 168.2 ± 8.5 | 173.7 ± 5.8 | 160.9 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 67.4 ± 13.5 | 75.3 ± 10.8 | 56.8 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.7 ± 10.0 | 86.5 ± 8.1 | 75.1 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 17.9 ± 6.2 | 18.2 ± 6.3 | 17.4 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
Percent body fat (%) | 26.4 ± 6.6 | 23.7 ± 5.5 | 30.1 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
ASM (kg) | 20.8 ± 4.9 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 16.0 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 13.7 | 22.7 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
Heavy drinking a (%) | 9.9 | 13.9 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
High education level b (%) | 62.7 | 75.6 | 84.9 | <0.001 |
Sitting time (h/day) | 7.4 ± 3.5 | 7.9 ± 3.4 | 6.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
Vigorous exercise (days/week) | 0.93 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension (%) | 12.6 | 17.7 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 3 | 4.1 | 1.5 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 16.5 | 22.1 | 9.1 | <0.001 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
Vit D (ng/mL) | 16.9 ± 7.1 | 17.1 ± 6.7 | 16.5 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.4 ± 33.8 | 192.7 ± 34.3 | 185.0 ± 32.5 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128.3 ± 33.2 | 134.5 ± 33.0 | 120.0 ± 31.5 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.7 ± 16.3 | 54.5 ± 13.5 | 69.0 ± 16.0 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 116.0 ± 81.2 | 137.3 ± 91.8 | 87.6 ± 52.7 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.2 ± 14.7 | 100.0 ± 15.8 | 93.6 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 ± 0.22 | 0.96 ± 0.20 | 0.69 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.81 ± 0.25 | 4.88 ± 0.23 | 4.72 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 22.9 ± 13.9 | 25.5 ± 15.6 | 19.5 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
Sitting Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 h/day, OR (95% CI) | 5–9 h/day, OR (95% CI) | ≥10 h/day, OR (95% CI) | p for Trend | p for Interaction (Men vs. Women) | |
Men | |||||
Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 0.976 (0.929–1.025) | 1.079 (1.025–1.136) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.062 (1.003–1.125) | 1.203 (1.132–1.279) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.045 (0.978–1.117) | 1.159 (1.081–1.244) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 4 | 1 (reference) | 1.034 (0.968–1.106) | 1.136 (1.059–1.220) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Women | |||||
Model 1 | 1 (reference) | 1.143 (1.098–1.189) | 1.370 (1.310–1.432) | <0.001 | |
Model 2 | 1 (reference) | 1.120 (1.068–1.175) | 1.326 (1.256–1.401) | <0.001 | |
Model 3 | 1 (reference) | 1.109 (1.050–1.172) | 1.257 (1.181–1.339) | <0.001 | |
Model 4 | 1 (reference) | 1.093 (1.035–1.155) | 1.231 (1.155–1.311) | <0.001 |
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Kim, E.; Park, C.-H.; Lee, H.-S.; Lee, M.Y.; Cho, S.J. Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070729
Kim E, Park C-H, Lee H-S, Lee MY, Cho SJ. Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(7):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070729
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Eunsoo, Chul-Hyun Park, Hyun-Seung Lee, Mi Yeon Lee, and Sung Joon Cho. 2024. "Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults" Brain Sciences 14, no. 7: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070729