Low-Grade Inflammation Associated with Major Depression Subtypes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Medical and Psychiatric Assessment of Participant
2.3. Sleep Assessment and Examination
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Polysomnography
3.2. MDD Groups (LGI, No-LGI)
3.2.1. Univariate Analyses
3.2.2. Multivariate Analyses
3.2.3. The PCA Analysis
3.2.4. Estimated Prevalence Calculation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Median (P25–P75) Whole Sample (n = 765) | Median (P25–P75) Subjects without LGI (n = 538) | Median (P25–P75) Subjects with LGI (n = 227) | Wilcoxon Test p-Value | ba1 (ES) | p-Value Adjusted | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep latency (min) | 33.0 (18.0–63.0) | 32.5 (18.0–65.5) | 34.0 (19.0–58.5) | 0.879 | 3 (3.2) | 0.341 |
Sleep efficiency (%) | 79.2 (70.5–85.9) | 79.3 (70.5–86.3) | 79.1 (70.6–85.1) | 0.470 | 0.2 (1.1) | 0.837 |
Sleep period time (min) | 445.0 (409.7–482.5) | 445.0 (407.0–485.0) | 445.0 (416.5–480.5) | 0.687 | −3.5 (5.3) | 0.512 |
Total sleep time (min) | 392.7 (344.5–431.0) | 394.5 (345.0–435.3) | 386.5 (344.0–425.0) | 0.355 | −7.6 (5.9) | 0.196 |
% Stage 1 | 7.0 (4.7–9.7) | 7.1 (4.7–9.6) | 6.8 (4.7–10.0) | 0.783 | −0.2 (0.3) | 0.492 |
% Stage 2 | 54.1 (47.1–61.1) | 54.4 (47.1–61.1) | 53.9 (46.5–61.1) | 0.926 | −1.1 (1.0) | 0.295 |
% Stage 3 | 6.7 (1.0–14.0) | 6.5 (1.1–13.6) | 7.8 (0.8–15.4) | 0.652 | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.714 |
% REM | 16.7 (12.3–20.9) | 17.1 (12.8–21.4) | 15.5 (10.9–19.7) | 0.001 | −1.6 (0.6) | 0.006 |
REM latency (min) | 88.5 (63.0–150.5) | 83.0 (61.3–136.0) | 105.0 (72.5–183.0) | <0.001 | 12.0 (5.3) | 0.024 |
% wake after sleep onset | 10.4 (5.8–17.2) | 9.9 (5.8–16.8) | 11.3 (5.7–18.1) | 0.113 | 1.6 (0.8) | 0.055 |
Number of awakenings | 27 (19–39) | 27 (19–39) | 27 (19–41) | 0.276 | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.448 |
Micro-arousal index | 9 (6–14) | 9 (6–13) | 9 (6–16) | 0.159 | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.105 |
Apnoea–hypopnoea index | 3 (1–8) | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–11) | 0.013 | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.568 |
Oxygen desaturation index | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 2 (0–6) | 0.001 | 1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Total time under 90% of SaO2 (min) | 0.3 (0.0–11.0) | 0.0 (0.0–5.7) | 1.5 (0.0–21.0) | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.5) | 0.001 |
PLMS index | 1 (0–7) | 2 (0–8) | 1 (0–7) | 0.019 | −0.7 (0.4) | 0.113 |
Variables | Categories | % | Subjects without LGI | Subjects with LGI | p-Value Chi2 | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female (n = 416) male (n = 349) | 54.4% 45.6% | 49.8% 50.2% | 65.2% 34.8% | <0.001 | 1 0.53 (0.38 to 0.73) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | <40 (n = 299) ≥40 (n = 466) | 39.1% 60.9% | 41.6% 58.4% | 33.0% 67.0% | 0.026 | 1 1.45 (1.04 to 2.00) | 0.026 |
BMI (kg/m2) | <25 (n = 302) ≥25 (n = 463) | 39.5% 60.5% | 46.8% 53.2% | 22.0% 78.0% | <0.001 | 1 3.12 (2.18 to 4.46) | <0.001 |
Antidepressant therapy | No (n = 455) Yes (n = 310) | 59.5% 40.5% | 61.5% 38.5% | 54.6% 45.4% | 0.076 | 1 1.33 (0.97 to 1.82) | 0.076 |
Benzodiazepine receptor agonists | No (n = 599) Yes (n = 166) | 78.3% 21.7% | 79.0% 21.0% | 76.7% 23.3% | 0.472 | 1 1.15 (0.79 to 1.66) | 0.473 |
Smoking | No (n = 576) Yes (n = 189) | 75.3% 24.7% | 77.3% 22.7% | 70.5% 29.5% | 0.045 | 1 1.43 (1.01 to 2.02) | 0.046 |
Alcohol | No (n = 526) Yes (n = 239) | 68.8% 31.2% | 68.2% 31.8% | 70.0% 30.0% | 0.618 | 1 0.92 (0.66 to 1.29) | 0.618 |
Caffeine | No (n = 181) Yes (n = 584) | 23.7% 76.3% | 23.1% 76.9% | 25.1% 74.9% | 0.540 | 1 0.89 (0.62 to 1.28) | 0.540 |
Type 2 diabetes | No (n = 681) Yes (n = 84) | 89.0% 11.0% | 91.8% 8.2% | 82.4% 17.6% | <0.001 | 1 2.40 (1.52 to 3.80) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | No (n = 434) Yes (n = 331) | 56.7% 43.3% | 60.0% 40.0% | 48.9% 51.1% | 0.005 | 1 1.57 (1.15 to 2.15) | 0.005 |
Hypertension | No (n = 488) Yes (n = 277) | 63.8% 36.2% | 68.0% 32.0% | 53.7% 46.3% | <0.001 | 1 1.83 (1.33 to 2.52) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular comorbidities | No (n = 697) Yes (n = 68) | 91.1% 8.9% | 92.6% 7.4% | 87.7% 12.3% | 0.030 | 1 1.75 (1.05 to 2.92) | 0.031 |
Aspirin therapy | No (n = 710) Yes (n = 55) | 92.8% 7.2% | 93.1% 6.9% | 92.1% 7.9% | 0.607 | 1 1.17 (0.65 to 2.10) | 0.607 |
OSAS | No (n = 487) With TO2 90% < 10 min (n = 149) With TO2 ≥ 10 min (n = 129) | 63.7% 19.5% 16.8% | 65.4% 19.9% 14.7% | 59.5% 18.5% 22.0% | 0.046 | 1 1.02 (0.68 to 1.54) 1.65 (1.10 to 2.48) | 0.048 |
Insomnia disorder | No (n = 186) Without short sleep duration (n = 397) With short sleep duration (n = 182) | 24.3% 51.9% 23.8% | 25.3% 51.1% 23.6% | 22.0% 53.7% 24.3% | 0.627 | 1 1.21 (0.82 to 1.78) 1.18 (0.75 to 1.85) | 0.628 |
Sleep movement disorders | No (n = 631) Moderate to severe PLMs alone (n = 46) RLS alone or combined with PLMs (n = 88) | 82.5% 6.0% 11.5% | 82.2% 6.5% 11.3% | 83.3% 4.8% 11.9% | 0.671 | 1 0.73 (0.37 to 1.48) 1.04 (0.64 to 1.68) | 0.673 |
EDS | No (n = 366) Yes (n = 399) | 47.8% 52.2% | 49.6% 50.4% | 43.6% 56.4% | 0.128 | 1 1.27 (0.93 to 1.74) | 0.128 |
Depression severity | Mild to moderate (n = 549) severe (n = 216) | 71.8% 28.2% | 72.7% 27.3% | 69.6% 30.4% | 0.388 | 1 1.16 (0.83 to 1.63) | 0.389 |
Depression subtype | OD (n = 596) AD (n = 169) | 77.9% 22.1% | 80.3% 19.7% | 72.3% 27.7% | 0.014 | 1 1.57 (1.09 to 2.24) | 0.015 |
LGI | No (n = 538) Yes (n = 227) | 70.3% 29.7% | |||||
Median (P25–P75) | Wilcoxon test | ||||||
Age (years) | 43 (33–52) | 42 (33–51) | 45 (36–53) | 0.071 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 (22.9–31.1) | 25.5 (22.2–29.1) | 30.5 (25.6–36.2) | <0.001 | |||
CRP (mg/L) | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 5.2 (3.8–7.2) | <0.001 | |||
ESS | 11 (7–14) | 11 (7–14) | 12 (7–15) | 0.431 | |||
ISI | 18 (15–21) | 18 (14–21) | 18 (15–21) | 0.430 | |||
BDI | 12 (9–16) | 12 (10–16) | 13 (9–17) | 0.445 |
Variables | Model 1 OR Adjusted (CI 95%) | p-Value | Model 2 OR Adjusted (CI 95%) | p-Value | Model 3 OR Adjusted (CI 95%) | p-Value | Model 4 OR Adjusted (CI 95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDD | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.045 | 0.047 | ||||
OD | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
AD | 1.67 (1.15 to 2.41) | 1.66 (1.15 to 2.41) | 1.48 (1.01 to 2 2.18) | 1.48 (1.01 to 2.18) |
Component Characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | Proportion Var. | Cumulative | |
PC1 | 2.422 | 0.220 | 0.220 |
PC2 | 1.304 | 0.119 | 0.339 |
PC3 | 1.098 | 0.100 | 0.439 |
Component Loadings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | Uniqueness | |
LGI | 0.235 | 0.715 | 0.236 | 0.379 |
AD | 0.584 | 0.624 | ||
CVD | 0.326 | 0.686 | 0.403 | |
Dyslipidemia | 0.586 | 0.648 | ||
Diabetes | 0.551 | 0.676 | ||
Smoking status | 0.386 | 0.848 | ||
Sex | −0.587 | 0.420 | ||
BMI | 0.554 | 0.569 | 0.332 | |
Age | 0.585 | 0.629 | ||
OSAS | 0.518 | 0.698 | ||
Hypertension | 0.691 | 0.519 |
Non-LGI (0) LGI(1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
AD = 1, OD = 0 | 0 | 1 | Total | |
0 | Observed | 436 | 160 | 596 |
%per line | 73.2% | 26.8% | 100.0% | |
1 | Observed | 107 | 57 | 164 |
%per line | 65.2% | 34.8% | 100.0% | |
Total | Observed | 543 | 217 | |
%per line | 71.4% | 28.6% | 100.0% |
Tests χ2 | ||
---|---|---|
Valeur | ddl | |
χ2 | 3.42 | 1 |
N | 765 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Bernier, V.; Alsaleh, G.; Point, C.; Wacquier, B.; Lanquart, J.-P.; Loas, G.; Hein, M. Low-Grade Inflammation Associated with Major Depression Subtypes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090850
Bernier V, Alsaleh G, Point C, Wacquier B, Lanquart J-P, Loas G, Hein M. Low-Grade Inflammation Associated with Major Depression Subtypes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(9):850. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090850
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernier, Veronique, Ghada Alsaleh, Camille Point, Benjamin Wacquier, Jean-Pol Lanquart, Gwenolé Loas, and Matthieu Hein. 2024. "Low-Grade Inflammation Associated with Major Depression Subtypes: A Cross-Sectional Study" Brain Sciences 14, no. 9: 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090850