Brain Sciences

16 pages, 1230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Brain Coping Mechanisms in Small Left-Hemisphere Lesions: Incidental vs. Symptomatic Gliomas

by Elisa Cargnelutti, Tamara Ius, Marta Maieron, Serena D’Agostini, Miran Skrap and Barbara Tomasino

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090887 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background. Incidentally discovered low-grade gliomas (iLGGs) are very rare and little is still known about their associated functional imaging activation patterns, white-matter status, and plasticity potential. Recent studies shed light on several clinical factors responsible for the good clinical status observed in these [...] Read more.

Background. Incidentally discovered low-grade gliomas (iLGGs) are very rare and little is still known about their associated functional imaging activation patterns, white-matter status, and plasticity potential. Recent studies shed light on several clinical factors responsible for the good clinical status observed in these patients versus those with their symptomatic counterpart (sLGGs), including small volume. Comparisons were typically carried out by comparing iLGGs with the wider and more heterogeneous sLGG group. In this study, we investigated whether iLGGs affect the brain differently from comparably small sLGGs. Method. Starting from a sample of 13 patients with iLGG, in the current comparative cross-sectional study, we identified a group of patients with sLGGs, primarily matched by lesion volume. We looked for potential differences between the two groups in language-related functional and structural parameters (the fMRI network associated with naming and white-matter fascicles). Results. The t-test did not show significant differences in the fMRI network, but these emerged when performing masking. No significant differences were observed at the white-matter level. Conclusions. Given that small volumes characterized both groups and that demographic variables were comparable, too, we hypothesized that differences between the two groups could be attributed to alternative lesion-related parameters. We discussed these findings from clinical and neurosurgical perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)

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5 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

From Bench to Bedside: Motor–Cognitive Interactions

by Daniele Corbo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090886 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

The capacity of humans to learn new motor abilities is known as motor learning, which is often understood as increasing movement precision over time and space through repetition [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Bench to Bedside: Motor-Cognitive Interactions)

10 pages, 848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Involvement of Subinsular Territory Stroke as Predictor of Outcome after Successful Endovascular Recanalization of Left Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

by Yasuyuki Yoshida, Tatsushi Mutoh, Yasuko Tatewaki, Yasuyuki Taki, Junta Moroi and Tatsuya Ishikawa

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090885 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Subinsular stroke (subIS) can occur between the penetrating middle cerebral artery (MCA) branches, which clinical and radiological findings sometimes encounter in patients after the recanalization of left proximal MCA occlusion. However, no supportive data are available to clarify this relationship. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Subinsular stroke (subIS) can occur between the penetrating middle cerebral artery (MCA) branches, which clinical and radiological findings sometimes encounter in patients after the recanalization of left proximal MCA occlusion. However, no supportive data are available to clarify this relationship. This study investigated whether the involvement of subIS can impact outcomes after successful reperfusion therapy. Data from 152 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy between 2019 and 2023 were collected. A 3-month functional independence defined as a modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (primary outcome) and influencing factors were analyzed retrospectively. Recanalization was achieved in 35 patients, of whom 11 (31%) developed subIS. Patients with subIS were older in age (81 vs. 75; p < 0.05), had lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on admission (0.52 vs. 0.62; p < 0.001), and higher modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (4 vs. 2; p < 0.001) than those without subIS. In a multivariate analysis, subIS was independently associated with a worse functional outcome (odds ratio: 10.5, p = 0.02). The cut-off value of the ADCs was 0.52 with a sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 64%, respectively. Subinsular ischemic lesions contribute to poor functional independence in patients after the successful recanalization of left MCA occlusion. The attenuation of the ADC value in these territories could be a valuable predictor of the outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Stroke)

13 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Prefrontal Cortex Response to Negative Emotional Stimuli in Drivers

by Ferran Balada, Anton Aluja, Óscar García, Neus Aymamí and Luis F. García

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090884 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Road safety improvement is a governmental priority due to driver-caused accidents. Driving style variation affects safety, with emotional regulation being pivotal. However, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies show inconsistent prefrontal cortex activity during emotion processing. This study examines prefrontal cortex response to [...] Read more.

Background: Road safety improvement is a governmental priority due to driver-caused accidents. Driving style variation affects safety, with emotional regulation being pivotal. However, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies show inconsistent prefrontal cortex activity during emotion processing. This study examines prefrontal cortex response to negative emotional stimuli, particularly traffic accident images, across drivers diverse in age and gender. Method: The study involved 118 healthy males (44.38 ± 12.98 years) and 84 females (38.89 ± 10.60 years). The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) was used to assess driving behavior alongside fNIRS recordings. Participants viewed traffic accident and neutral images while prefrontal oxygenation was monitored. Results: Women rated traffic accidents (t-test = 2.43; p < 0.016) and neutral images (t-test = 2.19; p < 0.030) lower in valence than men. Arousal differences were significant for traffic accident images (t-test = −3.06; p < 0.002). correlational analysis found an inverse relationship between Dissociative scale scores and oxygenation (all p-values ≤ 0.013). Greater prefrontal oxygenation occurred with neutral images compared to traffic accidents. Left hemisphere differences (t-test = 3.23; p < 0.001) exceeded right hemisphere differences (t-test = 2.46; p < 0.015). Subgroup analysis showed male participants to be driving these disparities. Among adaptive drivers, significant oxygenation differences between neutral and accident images were evident in both hemispheres (left: t-test = 2.72, p < 0.009; right: t-test = 2.22, p < 0.030). Conclusions: Male drivers with maladaptive driving styles, particularly dissociative ones, exhibit reduced prefrontal oxygenation when exposed to neutral and traffic accident images. This response was absent in female drivers, with no notable age-related differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)

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14 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ongoing Dynamics of Peak Alpha Frequency Characterize Hypnotic Induction in Highly Hypnotic-Susceptible Individuals

by Mathieu Landry, Jason da Silva Castanheira, Floriane Rousseaux, Pierre Rainville, David Ogez and Karim Jerbi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090883 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Hypnotic phenomena exhibit significant inter-individual variability, with some individuals consistently demonstrating efficient responses to hypnotic suggestions, while others show limited susceptibility. Recent neurophysiological studies have added to a growing body of research that shows variability in hypnotic susceptibility is linked to distinct neural [...] Read more.

Hypnotic phenomena exhibit significant inter-individual variability, with some individuals consistently demonstrating efficient responses to hypnotic suggestions, while others show limited susceptibility. Recent neurophysiological studies have added to a growing body of research that shows variability in hypnotic susceptibility is linked to distinct neural characteristics. Building on this foundation, our previous work identified that individuals with high and low hypnotic susceptibility can be differentiated based on the arrhythmic activity observed in resting-state electrophysiology (rs-EEG) outside of hypnosis. However, because previous work has largely focused on mean spectral characteristics, our understanding of the variability over time of these features, and how they relate to hypnotic susceptibility, is still limited. Here we address this gap using a time-resolved assessment of rhythmic alpha peaks and arrhythmic components of the EEG spectrum both prior to and following hypnotic induction. Using multivariate pattern classification, we investigated whether these neural features differ between individuals with high and low susceptibility to hypnosis. Specifically, we used multivariate pattern classification to investigate whether these non-stationary neural features could distinguish between individuals with high and low susceptibility to hypnosis before and after a hypnotic induction. Our analytical approach focused on time-resolved spectral decomposition to capture the intricate dynamics of neural oscillations and their non-oscillatory counterpart, as well as Lempel–Ziv complexity. Our results show that variations in the alpha center frequency are indicative of hypnotic susceptibility, but this discrimination is only evident during hypnosis. Highly hypnotic-susceptible individuals exhibit higher variability in alpha peak center frequency. These findings underscore how dynamic changes in neural states related to alpha peak frequency represent a central neurophysiological feature of hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)

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8 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Emergency Carotid Thrombo-Endarterectomy after Failed Endovascular Recanalization for Acute Complete Carotid Occlusion: A Case Report

by Abdullah Keles, Zeynep Arzum Uyaniker, Beverly Aagaard-Kienitz and Mustafa K. Baskaya

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090882 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Rapid identification of the type and origin of a stroke is crucial for prompt and appropriate treatment, which can significantly influences patient outcomes. We report a multidisciplinary management case involving a 76-year-old man who presented with left-sided weakness and mild dysarthria. Imaging revealed [...] Read more.

Rapid identification of the type and origin of a stroke is crucial for prompt and appropriate treatment, which can significantly influences patient outcomes. We report a multidisciplinary management case involving a 76-year-old man who presented with left-sided weakness and mild dysarthria. Imaging revealed a completely occluded right internal carotid artery. Despite multiple endovascular recanalization attempts, adequate flow could not be achieved, leading to the decision to perform an open thrombo-endarterectomy. The patient underwent carotid endarterectomy with microsurgical techniques under general anesthesia. The atheroma plaque and central thrombus were removed, which reestablished flow. Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring was utilized to ensure patient safety. The patient woke up without new deficits and was discharged for rehabilitation. Follow-up imaging confirmed arterial patency, and the patient eventually made an excellent recovery, including being independent over one and a half years. Emergent recanalization with carotid endarterectomy following a failed endovascular recanalization is both safe and feasible, emphasizing the need for collaboration between different treatment providers to ensure optimal patient outcomes. Our report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the advantages of a hybrid operating room in the treatment of acute complete carotid artery occlusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Experience in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery)

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18 pages, 6117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Age- and Sex-Related Expression of the Chaperone Protein Sigma-1R in the Mouse Brain

by Khadija Tarmoun, Véronik Lachance, Victoria Le Corvec, Sara-Maude Bélanger, Guillaume Beaucaire and Saïd Kourrich

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090881 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Sigma-1R (S1R) is a ubiquitously distributed protein highly expressed in the brain and liver. It acts as a ligand-inducible chaperone protein localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. S1R participates in several signaling pathways that oversee diverse cellular and neurological functions, such as calcium and [...] Read more.

Sigma-1R (S1R) is a ubiquitously distributed protein highly expressed in the brain and liver. It acts as a ligand-inducible chaperone protein localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. S1R participates in several signaling pathways that oversee diverse cellular and neurological functions, such as calcium and proteome homeostasis, neuronal activity, memory, and emotional regulation. Despite its crucial functions, S1R expression profile in the brain with respect to age and sex remains elusive. To shed light on this matter, we assessed S1R distribution in the mouse brain across different developmental stages, including juvenile, early adult, and middle-aged mice. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that S1R is predominantly expressed in the hippocampus in juvenile mice, particularly in CA1 and CA3 regions. Notably, S1R is not expressed in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus of juvenile mice. We observed dynamic changes in S1R levels during development, with most brain regions showing either an abrupt or gradual decline as mice transition from juveniles to adults. Sexual dimorphism is observed before puberty in the hippocampus and hypothalamus and during adulthood in the hippocampus and cortex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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21 pages, 2757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classifying Unconscious, Psychedelic, and Neuropsychiatric Brain States with Functional Connectivity, Graph Theory, and Cortical Gradient Analysis

by Hyunwoo Jang, Rui Dai, George A. Mashour, Anthony G. Hudetz and Zirui Huang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090880 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

Abstract

Accurate and generalizable classification of brain states is essential for understanding their neural underpinnings and improving clinical diagnostics. Traditionally, functional connectivity patterns and graph-theoretic metrics have been utilized. However, cortical gradient features, which reflect global brain organization, offer a complementary approach. We hypothesized [...] Read more.

Accurate and generalizable classification of brain states is essential for understanding their neural underpinnings and improving clinical diagnostics. Traditionally, functional connectivity patterns and graph-theoretic metrics have been utilized. However, cortical gradient features, which reflect global brain organization, offer a complementary approach. We hypothesized that a machine learning model integrating these three feature sets would effectively discriminate between baseline and atypical brain states across a wide spectrum of conditions, even though the underlying neural mechanisms vary. To test this, we extracted features from brain states associated with three meta-conditions including unconsciousness (NREM2 sleep, propofol deep sedation, and propofol general anesthesia), psychedelic states induced by hallucinogens (subanesthetic ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and nitrous oxide), and neuropsychiatric disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). We used support vector machine with nested cross-validation to construct our models. The soft voting ensemble model marked the average balanced accuracy (average of specificity and sensitivity) of 79% (62–98% across all conditions), outperforming individual base models (70–76%). Notably, our models exhibited varying degrees of transferability across different datasets, with performance being dependent on the specific brain states and feature sets used. Feature importance analysis across meta-conditions suggests that the underlying neural mechanisms vary significantly, necessitating tailored approaches for accurate classification of specific brain states. This finding underscores the value of our feature-integrated ensemble models, which leverage the strengths of multiple feature types to achieve robust performance across a broader range of brain states. While our approach offers valuable insights into the neural signatures of different brain states, future work is needed to develop and validate even more generalizable models that can accurately classify brain states across a wider array of conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep into the Brain: Artificial Intelligence in Brain Diseases—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Tolerability of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Therapy for Migraine and Other Chronic Headaches in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Study in the USA

by Anjaneya Shankar Madhav Bandatmakur, Pooja Dave, Melissa Kerr, Colin Brunick, Sijin Wen and Nicholas Hansen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090879 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This retrospective study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) therapy in adolescents and young adults (ages 12–21) with migraine and chronic daily headaches unresponsive to standard treatments. Migraines in this demographic significantly impair school performance, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and [...] Read more.

This retrospective study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) therapy in adolescents and young adults (ages 12–21) with migraine and chronic daily headaches unresponsive to standard treatments. Migraines in this demographic significantly impair school performance, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and cognitive health. These young patients are also particularly sensitive to the side effects of conventional medications, which are often prescribed off-label and come with high insurance denial rates. Medication overuse, including analgesics, triptans, and NSAIDs, is prevalent due to treatment failures. Elevated plasma CGRP levels observed during migraines suggest that anti-CGRP therapies, successful in adult populations, may also benefit this younger age group. Over a three-year period, patients at a specialized pediatric headache center were evaluated for the impact of anti-CGRP treatments, including monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab, and galcanezumab) and small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonists (ubrogepant, rimegepant, and atogepant), administered either alone or in combination with OnabotulinumtoxinA. Data were extracted from the hospital’s electronic medical records, and patient progress was consistently documented using a structured template for each clinic visit. Additional patient satisfaction data were collected via telephone follow-ups and patient message reviews. The study included 23 patients, primarily treated for chronic migraine (CM) (78.3%), with a smaller subset addressing episodic migraine (EM), new daily persistent headaches (NDPHs), and post-traumatic headaches (PTHs). Comprehensive demographic and clinical data, including age, treatment duration, history of preventive treatment failures, and comorbidities like psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders, were collected. Anti-CGRP therapies, particularly when combined with traditional treatments or OnabotulinumtoxinA, resulted in significant improvements: 91.3% of patients experienced reduced migraine duration and intensity, 82.6% reported improvements in other bothersome symptoms, and 73.9% saw an improved response to rescue medications. Additionally, 78.3% of patients reported a reduction in their use of rescue medications per week by more than 50%, and emergency room visits were reduced for 56.5% of patients. Significant reductions in headache days were observed in 82.6% of patients after one month and 87% after three months, with nearly 40% experiencing more than a 50% reduction in both periods. The greatest benefits were observed in patients treated for more than six months. Adverse effects were minimal, with 95.7% of patients reporting no side effects, and patient satisfaction was high, with 69.6% opting to continue treatment. Overall, this study highlights the substantial potential of anti-CGRP therapy in improving outcomes for adolescents and young adults with CM and EM, offering a promising approach for a demographic that faces considerable challenges with conventional treatment options. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and expand clinical applications in this age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience of Pain)

20 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Psychotic Disorders Using Artificial Intelligence Methods: A Scoping Review

by Jing Ling Tay, Kyawt Kyawt Htun and Kang Sim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090878 (registering DOI) - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Background: Psychotic disorders are major psychiatric disorders that can impact multiple domains including physical, social, and psychological functioning within individuals with these conditions. Being able to better predict the outcomes of psychotic disorders will allow clinicians to identify illness subgroups and optimize treatment [...] Read more.

Background: Psychotic disorders are major psychiatric disorders that can impact multiple domains including physical, social, and psychological functioning within individuals with these conditions. Being able to better predict the outcomes of psychotic disorders will allow clinicians to identify illness subgroups and optimize treatment strategies in a timely manner. Objective: In this scoping review, we aimed to examine the accuracy of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with psychotic disorders as well as determine the relevant predictors of these outcomes. Methods: This review was guided by the PRISMA Guidelines for Scoping Reviews. Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant published articles in English until 1 February 2024. Results: Thirty articles were included in this review. These studies were mainly conducted in the West (63%) and Asia (37%) and published within the last 5 years (83.3%). The clinical outcomes included symptomatic improvements, illness course, and social functioning. The machine learning models utilized data from various sources including clinical, cognitive, and biological variables such as genetic, neuroimaging measures. In terms of main machine learning models used, the most common approaches were support vector machine, random forest, logistic regression, and linear regression models. No specific machine learning approach outperformed the other approaches consistently across the studies, and an overall range of predictive accuracy was observed with an AUC from 0.58 to 0.95. Specific predictors of clinical outcomes included demographic characteristics (gender, socioeconomic status, accommodation, education, and employment); social factors (activity level and interpersonal relationships); illness features (number of relapses, duration of relapses, hospitalization rates, cognitive impairments, and negative and disorganization symptoms); treatment (prescription of first-generation antipsychotics, high antipsychotic doses, clozapine, use of electroconvulsive therapy, and presence of metabolic syndrome); and structural and functional neuroimaging abnormalities, especially involving the temporal and frontal brain regions. Conclusions: The current review highlights the potential and need to further refine AI and machine learning models in parsing out the complex interplay of specific variables that contribute to the clinical outcome prediction of psychotic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Biological Characterization of Psychiatric Disorders)

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10 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Cerebral Fluid Puncture in Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: No Short-Term Effect on Neurocognitive Function

by Cem Thunstedt, Dilan Aydemir, Julian Conrad, Elisabeth Wlasich, Sandra V. Loosli, Florian Schöberl, Andreas Straube and Ozan E. Eren

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090877 (registering DOI) - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is typically characterized by headaches and vision loss. However, neurocognitive deficits are also described. Our study aimed to test the influence of therapeutic lumbar puncture on the latter. Methods: A total of 15 patients with IIH were tested [...] Read more.

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is typically characterized by headaches and vision loss. However, neurocognitive deficits are also described. Our study aimed to test the influence of therapeutic lumbar puncture on the latter. Methods: A total of 15 patients with IIH were tested with a battery of neurocognitive tests at baseline and after therapeutic lumbar drainage. Hereby, Logical Memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised Edition (WMS-R), the California Verbal Learning Test Short Version (CVLT), alertness, selective attention, and word fluency were used. Changes in cognitive functioning in the course of CSF pressure lowering were analysed and compared with age, sex, and education-matched healthy controls. Results: Before intervention, scores of Logical Memory, the RWT, and the HADS-D were significantly lower in IIH patients compared to matched controls. After short-term normalization of CSF pressure, the RWT improved significantly. Additionally, significant positive correlations were found between headache intensity and subjective impairment, as well as between BMI and CSF opening pressure. Conclusions: Our findings confirm lower performance in terms of long-term verbal memory and word fluency compared to controls, as well as depressive symptoms in IIH patients. Significant improvement after short-term normalization of intracranial pressure by means of CSF drainage was seen only for word fluency. This indicates that short-term normalization of CSF pressure is not sufficient to normalize observed neurocognitive deficits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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22 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Betahistine’s Neuroprotective Actions against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neurotoxicity: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies

by Vasudevan Mani and Minhajul Arfeen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090876 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) antagonists, such as betahistine (BHTE), have shown significant potential in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to their neuroprotective properties. This study investigated BHTE’s effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity, which is associated with neuroinflammation and [...] Read more.

Histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) antagonists, such as betahistine (BHTE), have shown significant potential in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to their neuroprotective properties. This study investigated BHTE’s effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity, which is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Rats were divided into groups and pre-treated with BHTE (5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 30 days, followed by LPS administration (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 consecutive days to induce neurotoxicity. LPS exposure resulted in cognitive impairment, as evidenced by performance deficits in maze tests, and a significant reduction in brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Additionally, LPS led to increased neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Pre-treatment with BHTE effectively counteracted these effects, improving cognitive performance and restoring ACh levels. BHTE significantly reduced LPS-induced increases in pro-inflammatory markers (COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1). Furthermore, BHTE improved mitochondrial function by increasing enzyme levels (MRCC-I, II, and IV) and boosted anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and antioxidant defenses (GSH and catalase). BHTE also reduced apoptosis markers, including pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Molecular modeling studies revealed that BHTE effectively binds to key enzymes involved in neuroinflammation and apoptosis (AChE, COX-2, and caspase-3), with binding free energies between 4 and 5 kcal/mol, interacting with critical residues. These findings underscore BHTE’s multifaceted neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced neurotoxicity, offering potential therapeutic avenues for managing neuroinflammation and related neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropharmacology and Neuroinflammation)

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28 pages, 5532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Stimulation Duration in taVNS—Exploring Multiple Physiological and Cognitive Outcomes

by Till Bömmer, Luisa M. Schmidt, Katharina Meier, Julius Kricheldorff, Heiko Stecher, Christoph S. Herrmann, Christiane M. Thiel, Kathrin Janitzky and Karsten Witt

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090875 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 236

Abstract

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that modulates the noradrenergic activity of the locus coeruleus (LC). Yet, there is still uncertainty about the most effective stimulation and reliable outcome parameters. In a double blind, sham-controlled study including a [...] Read more.

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that modulates the noradrenergic activity of the locus coeruleus (LC). Yet, there is still uncertainty about the most effective stimulation and reliable outcome parameters. In a double blind, sham-controlled study including a sample of healthy young individuals (N = 29), we compared a shorter (3.4 s) and a longer (30 s) stimulation duration and investigated the effects of taVNS (real vs. sham) on saliva samples (alpha amylase and cortisol concentration), pupil (pupillary light reflex and pupil size at rest) and EEG data (alpha and theta activity at rest, ERPs for No-Go signals), and cognitive tasks (Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks). Salivary alpha amylase concentration was significantly increased in the real as compared to sham stimulation for the 30 s stimulation condition. In the 3.4 s stimulation condition, we found prolonged reaction times and increased error rates in the Go/No-Go task and increased maximum acceleration in the pupillary light reflex. For the other outcomes, no significant differences were found. Our results show that prolonged stimulation increases salivary alpha-amylase, which was expected from the functional properties of the LC. The finding of longer response times to short taVNS stimulation was not expected and cannot be explained by an increase in LC activity. We also discuss the difficulties in assessing pupil size as an expression of taVNS-mediated LC functional changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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14 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reward History and Statistical Learning Independently Impact Attention Search: An ERP Study

by Guang Zhao, Rongtao Wu, Huijun Wang, Jiahuan Chen, Shiyi Li, Qiang Wang and Hong-Jin Sun

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090874 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Selection history is widely accepted as a vital source in attention control. Reward history indicates that a learned association captures attention even when the reward is no longer presented, while statistical learning indicates that a learned probability exerts its influence on attentional control [...] Read more.

Selection history is widely accepted as a vital source in attention control. Reward history indicates that a learned association captures attention even when the reward is no longer presented, while statistical learning indicates that a learned probability exerts its influence on attentional control (facilitation or inhibition). Existing research has shown that the effects of the reward history and statistical learning are additive, suggesting that these two components influence attention priority through different pathways. In the current study, leveraging the temporal resolution advantages of EEG, we explored whether these two components represent independent sources of attentional bias. The results revealed faster responses to the target at the high-probability location compared to low-probability locations. Both the target and distractor at high-probability locations elicited larger early Pd (50–150 ms) and Pd (150–250 ms) components. The reward distractor slowed the target search and elicited a larger N2pc (180–350 ms). Further, no interaction between statistical learning and the reward history was observed in RTs or N2pc. The different types of temporal progression in attention control indicate that statistical learning and the reward history independently modulate the attention priority map. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)

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11 pages, 6575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Navigated Kirschner-Wire-Less Single-Step Pedicle Screw System (SSPSS) in Lumbar Fusions: Comparison of Intraoperatively Planned versus Final Screw Position

by Mateusz Bielecki, Blake I. Boadi, Yizhou Xie, Chibuikem A. Ikwuegbuenyi, Minaam Farooq, Jessica Berger, Alan Hernández-Hernández, Ibrahim Hussain and Roger Härtl

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090873 - 29 Aug 2024

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Abstract

(1) Background: Our team has previously introduced the Single-Step Pedicle Screw System (SSPSS), which eliminates the need for K-wires, as a safe and effective method for percutaneous minimally invasive spine (MIS) pedicle screw placement. Despite this, there are ongoing concerns about the reliability [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Our team has previously introduced the Single-Step Pedicle Screw System (SSPSS), which eliminates the need for K-wires, as a safe and effective method for percutaneous minimally invasive spine (MIS) pedicle screw placement. Despite this, there are ongoing concerns about the reliability and accuracy of screw placement in MIS procedures without traditional tools like K-wires and Jamshidi needles. To address these concerns, we evaluated the accuracy of the SSPSS workflow by comparing the planned intraoperative screw trajectories with the final screw positions. Traditionally, screw placement accuracy has been assessed by grading the final screw position using postoperative CT scans. (2) Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent lumbar interbody fusion, using intraoperative 3D navigation for screw placement. The planned screw trajectories were saved in the navigation system during each procedure, and postoperative CT scans were used to evaluate the implanted screws. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the Gertzbein and Robbins classification scores of the planned trajectories and the final screw positions. Accuracy was defined as a final screw position matching the classification of the planned trajectory. (3) Results: Out of 206 screws, 196 (95%) were accurately placed, with no recorded complications. (4) Conclusions: The SSPSS workflow, even without K-wires and other traditional instruments, facilitates accurate and reliable pedicle screw placement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Clinical Technologies in Treating Neurosurgical Diseases)

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12 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Metacognition: Overconfidence in Word Recall Prediction and Its Association with Psychotic Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia

by Yvonne Flores-Medina, Regina Ávila Bretherton, Jesús Ramírez-Bermudez, Ricardo Saracco-Alvarez and Monica Flores-Ramos

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090872 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 441

Abstract

A two-factor account has been proposed as an explanatory model for the formation and maintenance of delusions. The first factor refers to a neurocognitive process leading to a significant change in subjective experience; the second factor has been regarded as a failure in [...] Read more.

A two-factor account has been proposed as an explanatory model for the formation and maintenance of delusions. The first factor refers to a neurocognitive process leading to a significant change in subjective experience; the second factor has been regarded as a failure in hypothesis evaluation characterized by an impairment in metacognitive ability. This study was focused on the assessment of metacognition in patients with schizophrenia. The aims of the study were to measure the overconfidence in metacognitive judgments through the prediction of word list recall and to analyze the correlation between basic neurocognition (memory and executive function) and metacognition through a metamemory test and the severity of psychotic symptoms. Method: Fifty-one participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were evaluated. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of psychiatric symptoms, and the subtest of metamemory included in the Executive Functions and Frontal Lobe-2 battery (BANFE-2) was used to evaluate overconfidence and underestimation errors, intrusion and perseverative response, total volume of recall, and Brief Functioning Assessment Scale (FAST) for social functioning. Results: The strongest correlation is observed between overconfidence errors and the positive factor of the PANSS (r = 0.774, p < 0.001). For the enter model in the multiple linear regression (r = 0.78, r² = 0.61; F = 24.57, p < 0.001), the only significant predictor was overconfidence errors. Conclusion: Our results highlight the relevance of a metacognitive bias of overconfidence, strongly correlated with psychotic symptoms, and support the hypothesis that metacognitive defects contribute to the failure to reject contradictory evidence. From our perspective, these findings align with current mechanistic models of schizophrenia that focus on the role of the prefrontal cortex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia)

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15 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Predicts Phenoconversion from Polysomnography in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

by Matteo Cesari, Andrea Portscher, Ambra Stefani, Raphael Angerbauer, Abubaker Ibrahim, Elisabeth Brandauer, Simon Feuerstein, Kristin Egger, Birgit Högl and Antonio Rodriguez-Sanchez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090871 - 28 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal stage of alpha-synucleinopathies. This study aimed at developing a fully-automated machine learning framework for the prediction of phenoconversion in patients with iRBD by using data recorded during polysomnography (PSG). A total [...] Read more.

Isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal stage of alpha-synucleinopathies. This study aimed at developing a fully-automated machine learning framework for the prediction of phenoconversion in patients with iRBD by using data recorded during polysomnography (PSG). A total of 66 patients with iRBD were included, of whom 18 converted to an overt alpha-synucleinopathy within 2.7 ± 1.0 years. For each patient, a baseline PSG was available. Sleep stages were scored automatically, and time and frequency domain features were derived from electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals in REM and non-REM sleep. Random survival forest was employed to predict the time to phenoconversion, using a four-fold cross-validation scheme and by testing several combinations of features. The best test performances were obtained when considering EEG features in REM sleep only (Harrel’s C-index: 0.723 ± 0.113; Uno’s C-index: 0.741 ± 0.11; integrated Brier score: 0.174 ± 0.06). Features describing EEG slowing had high importance for the machine learning model. This is the first study employing machine learning applied to PSG to predict phenoconversion in patients with iRBD. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these findings might contribute to improving the design of clinical trials for neuroprotective treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Sleep Medicine)

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9 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Epilepsy and Myasthenia Gravis: A Case Series

by Iñigo Oyarzun, Guillermo Hernández, Jacint Sala-Padró, Francisco Morandeira, Carlos Casasnovas and Mercè Falip

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090870 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 240

Abstract

The association between epilepsy and myasthenia gravis has rarely been reported, and when it has been reported, it has only been in a small case series. The aim of the present study was to report the frequency of epilepsy and myasthenia gravis and [...] Read more.

The association between epilepsy and myasthenia gravis has rarely been reported, and when it has been reported, it has only been in a small case series. The aim of the present study was to report the frequency of epilepsy and myasthenia gravis and to describe a case series of patients with myasthenia gravis and epilepsy, focusing on their clinical characteristics and searching for a possible physiopathological mechanism. A retrospective, observational, adult center study was conducted in 2022. Patients were recruited from the database of the outpatient clinic of the Myasthenia Gravis and Epilepsy Unit of the Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Five patients were included. The frequency of epilepsy in the myasthenia gravis cohort was 5/469 (1.1%), and the frequency of myasthenia gravis in the epilepsy cohort was 5/1432 (0.35%). All patients suffered from focal epilepsy, mainly temporo-central, which was drug-resistant in 3/5 Myasthenia gravis, which was generalized and with exacerbations in 3/5. Three patients were thymectomized (anatomopathology: thymic hyperplasia). Other autoimmune diseases were found in two (40%). Epilepsy onset preceded myasthenia gravis onset in all patients. Both diseases were considered autoimmune-related in 3/5, related to genetic predisposition due to altered innate immune system in 1/5, and due to chance or to treatment in 1/5. Epilepsy and myasthenia gravis are only infrequently associated. In adult patients, epilepsy onset precedes myasthenia onset in most cases. In some cases, epilepsy has an autoimmune etiology and coexists with other autoimmune conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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19 pages, 8695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electroacupuncture Reduced Fibromyalgia-Pain-like Behavior through Inactivating Transient Receptor Potential V1 and Interleukin-17 in Intermittent Cold Stress Mice Model

by Yu-An Yeh, Hsien-Yin Liao, I-Han Hsiao, Hsin-Cheng Hsu and Yi-Wen Lin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090869 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with psychological disturbances, the etiopathogenesis of which is still not clear. One hypothesis implicates inflammatory cytokines in increasing central and peripheral sensitization along with neuroinflammation, leading to an elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-17A (IL-17A), [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with psychological disturbances, the etiopathogenesis of which is still not clear. One hypothesis implicates inflammatory cytokines in increasing central and peripheral sensitization along with neuroinflammation, leading to an elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-17A (IL-17A), enhanced in FM patients and animal models. The intermittent cold stress (ICS)-induced FM-like model in C57BL/6 mice has been developed since 2008 and proved to have features which mimic the clinical pattern in FM patients such as mechanical allodynia, hyperalgesia, and female predominance of pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective treatment for relieving pain in FM patients, but its mechanism is not totally clear. It was reported as attenuating pain-like behaviors in the ICS mice model through the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) pathway. Limited information indicates that TRPV1-positive neurons trigger IL-17A-mediated inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the IL-17A would be inactivated by EA and TRPV1 deletion in the ICS-induced FM-like model in mice. We distributed mice into a control (CON) group, ICS-induced FM model (FM) group, FM model with EA treatment (EA) group, FM model with sham EA treatment (Sham) group, and TRPV1 gene deletion (Trpv1^−/−) group. In the result, ICS-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia increased pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-17, TNFα, and IFNγ in the plasma, as well as TRPV1, IL-17RA, pPI3K, pAkt, pERK, pp38, pJNK, and NF-κB in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) and cerebellum (CB) lobes V, VI, and VII. Moreover, EA and Trpv1^−/− but not sham EA countered these effects significantly. The molecular mechanism may involve the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-17, TNFα, and IFNγ. IL-17A–IL-17RA play a crucial role in peripheral and central sensitization as well as neuroinflammation and cannot be activated without TRPV1 in the ICS mice model. EA alleviated FM-pain-like behaviors, possibly by abolishing the TRPV1- and IL-17A-related pathways. It suggests that EA is an effective and potential therapeutic strategy in FM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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20 pages, 2772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Robert J. Barry, Frances M. De Blasio, Adam R. Clarke, Alexander T. Duda and Beckett S. Munford

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090868 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Detailed studies of the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task have allowed for the development of a sequential-processing model of the perceptual and cognitive processes involved. These processes are reflected in various components differentiating the Go and NoGo event-related potentials (ERPs). It has long been [...] Read more.

Detailed studies of the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task have allowed for the development of a sequential-processing model of the perceptual and cognitive processes involved. These processes are reflected in various components differentiating the Go and NoGo event-related potentials (ERPs). It has long been established that electroencephalography (EEG) changes through normal lifespan development. It is also known that ERPs and behaviour in the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task change from children to young adults, and again in older adults. Here, we provide a novel examination of links between in-task prestimulus EEG, poststimulus ERPs, and behaviour in three gender-matched groups: children (8–12 years), young adults (18–24 years), and older adults (59–74 years). We used a frequency Principal Component Analysis (f-PCA) to estimate prestimulus EEG components and a temporal Principal Component Analysis (t-PCA) to separately estimate poststimulus ERP Go and NoGo components in each age group to avoid misallocation of variance. The links between EEG components, ERP components, and behavioural measures differed markedly between the groups. The young adults performed best and accomplished this with the simplest EEG–ERP–behaviour brain dynamics pattern. The children performed worst, and this was reflected in the most complex brain dynamics pattern. The older adults showed some reduction in performance, reflected in an EEG–ERP–behaviour pattern with intermediate complexity between those of the children and young adults. These novel brain dynamics patterns hold promise for future developmental research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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13 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preoperative Cortical Mapping for Brain Tumor Surgery Using Navigated Transcranial Stimulation: Analysis of Accuracy

by Wellingson Silva Paiva, Erich Talamoni Fonoff, Rhuann Pontes dos Santos Silva, Lucas Schiavao, André Russowsky Brunoni, César Cimonari de Almeida and Carlos Carlotti Júnior

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090867 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a distinctive technique for non-invasive brain stimulation. Recent advancements in image processing have enabled the enhancement of TMS by integrating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities with TMS via a neuronavigation system. The aim of this study is to [...] Read more.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a distinctive technique for non-invasive brain stimulation. Recent advancements in image processing have enabled the enhancement of TMS by integrating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities with TMS via a neuronavigation system. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of navigated TMS for cortical mapping in comparison to surgical mapping using direct electrical stimulation (DES). This study involved 30 neurosurgical procedures for tumors located in or adjacent to the precentral gyrus. The DES points were compared with TMS responses based on the original distances of vectorial modules. There was a notable similarity in the points obtained from the two mapping methods. The distances between the geometric centers of TMS and DCS were 4.85 ± 1.89 mm. A strong correlation was identified between these vectorial points (r = 0.901, p < 0.001). The motor threshold in TMS was highest in the motor cortex adjacent to the tumor compared to the normal cortex (p < 0.001). Patients with deficits exhibited excellent accuracy in both methods. In view of this, TMS demonstrated reliable and precise application in brain mapping, which is a promising method for preoperative functional mapping in motor cortex tumor surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Neurology, Psychiatry, and Rehabilitation)

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8 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Coping Strategies on Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Adults with Multiple Sclerosis

by Viviana Lo Buono, Francesco Corallo, Edoardo Sessa, Giangaetano D’Aleo, Carmela Rifici, Angelo Quartarone and Lilla Bonanno

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090866 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, resulting in a wide spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and physical deficits. The progressive course of MS poses significant challenges to patients and has a profound impact on [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, resulting in a wide spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and physical deficits. The progressive course of MS poses significant challenges to patients and has a profound impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The style of coping adopted plays a critical role in determining how individuals with MS adapt to and face the challenges of the disease and their overall well-being. This paper aims to examine the impact of coping strategies on HRQoL in young adults un-/minimally impaired (<5 years, EDSS ≤ 2.5) by MS (age 18–35 years). This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study included 98 young adults (33 males and 65 females) with relapsing–remitting MS who underwent neurological assessment using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Participants completed the Italian version of the Multiple Sclerosis QoL-54 (MSQoL-54), which provides a physical and mental health score, and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE). The results showed a significant relationship between COPE scores and physical and mental health. Subjects affected by MS who tend to use more frequent coping strategies such as active planning, personal growth, and acceptance showed a better overall well-being and quality of life. These findings are relevant to clinical practice given the need to understand the coping variable to improve HRQoL. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing effective interventions to enhance the well-being of MS subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

16 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Salvatore Cipolla, Pierluigi Catapano, Antonio Fiorino Bonamico, Valeria De Santis, Roberta Murolo, Francesca Romano, Antonio Volpicelli, Francesco Perris, Ada Lo Schiavo, Michele Fabrazzo and Francesco Catapano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 303

Abstract

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder affecting 2–3% of the global population, and is associated with several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to identify factors influencing anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with psoriasis. Methods: This observational [...] Read more.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder affecting 2–3% of the global population, and is associated with several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to identify factors influencing anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with psoriasis. Methods: This observational study included 112 patients diagnosed with psoriasis. Dermatological and psychiatric assessments were conducted using Psodisk, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and multivariate regression models were employed. Results: The sample was predominantly middle-aged males (mean age 48.91 years). Females (p < 0.001), patients with arthritis (p < 0.05), and those with a sedentary lifestyle (p < 0.05) showed higher anxiety and depression scores. Psodisk subscales significantly correlated with psychiatric symptoms and QoL measures (p < 0.001). Pain (B: 0.63, p < 0.05; B: −2.03, p < 0.01) and sleep disturbances (B: 0.68, p < 0.01; B: 0.60, p < 0.01; B: −1.46, p < 0.01; B: −1.57, p < 0.05; B: 3.91, p < 0.05) emerged as major predictors of poor mental health and reduced QoL. Conclusions. The study underscores the complex relationship between psoriasis, psychiatric comorbidities, and QoL. Key factors exacerbating anxiety and depression include female gender, arthritis, and sedentary lifestyle. Comprehensive management of psoriasis should address both dermatological and psychological aspects, with a focus on pain relief and improving sleep quality to enhance overall patient well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Challenges for the Diagnosis and Management of Affective Disorders: From Preclinical Evidence to Clinical Trials)

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25 pages, 9258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Learning Dendritic Neuron-Based Motion Direction Detective System and Its Application to Grayscale Images

by Tianqi Chen, Yuki Todo, Ryusei Takano, Zhiyu Qiu, Yuxiao Hua and Zheng Tang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090864 - 27 Aug 2024

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Abstract

In recent research, dendritic neuron-based models have shown promise in effectively learning and recognizing object motion direction within binary images. Leveraging the dendritic neuron structure and On–Off Response mechanism within the primary cortex, this approach has notably reduced learning time and costs compared [...] Read more.

In recent research, dendritic neuron-based models have shown promise in effectively learning and recognizing object motion direction within binary images. Leveraging the dendritic neuron structure and On–Off Response mechanism within the primary cortex, this approach has notably reduced learning time and costs compared to traditional neural networks. This paper advances the existing model by integrating bio-inspired components into a learnable dendritic neuron-based artificial visual system (AVS), specifically incorporating mechanisms from horizontal and bipolar cells. This enhancement enables the model to proficiently identify object motion directions in grayscale images, aligning its threshold with human-like perception. The enhanced model demonstrates superior efficiency in motion direction recognition, requiring less data (90% less than other deep models) and less time for training. Experimental findings highlight the model’s remarkable robustness, indicating significant potential for real-world applications. The integration of bio-inspired features not only enhances performance but also opens avenues for further exploration in neural network research. Notably, the application of this model to realistic object recognition yields convincing accuracy at nearly 100%, underscoring its practical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Intelligence and Brain Plasticity)

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11 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Protocol Based on Art Therapy in Patients with Stroke: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Gaetano Tieri, Marco Iosa, Antonio Fortini, Federica Aghilarre, Federico Gentili, Cristiano Rubeca, Tommaso Mastropietro, Gabriella Antonucci and Roberto De Giorgi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090863 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Background: Art therapy has a long history of applications in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. More recently, a growing body of scientific literature has highlighted the potential of virtual reality in neurorehabilitation, though it has focused more on the technology itself than on the [...] Read more.

Background: Art therapy has a long history of applications in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. More recently, a growing body of scientific literature has highlighted the potential of virtual reality in neurorehabilitation, though it has focused more on the technology itself than on the principles adopted in digital scenarios. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted on 40 patients with stroke, comparing conventional therapy (physical therapy for the upper and lower limbs, for posture and balance, cognitive therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and specific therapy for swallowing, bowel, and bladder dysfunctions) to a protocol in which the upper limb physical therapy was substituted with art therapy administered by means of virtual reality exploiting the so-called Michelangelo effect. Results: After 12 sessions, patients in the virtual art therapy group showed a significantly greater improvement in independence in activities of daily living, as assessed by the Barthel Index (interaction of time and group: p = 0.001). Significant differences were also found in terms of upper limb muscle strength (Manual Muscle Test, p < 0.01) and reduction in spasticity (Ashworth scale, p = 0.007) in favor of the experimental group. In the virtual art therapy group, the effectiveness of the intervention was significantly correlated with patient participation (Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale: R = 0.41), patient satisfaction (R = 0.60), and the perceived utility of the intervention by the therapist (R = 0.43). Conclusions: These findings support the efficacy of virtual art therapy leveraging the Michelangelo effect. Further studies should also focus on cognitive domains that could benefit from this type of approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight in the Application of Rehabilitation Devices in Neurological Disease)

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11 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Adherence to a Delirium Screening Test Administered by Nurses and Medical Staff during Routine Patient Care

by Rashad Soboh, Meital Rotfeld, Sharon Gino-Moor, Nizar Jiries, Shira Ginsberg and Ron Oliven

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090862 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Delirium is often the first symptom of incipient acute illness or complications and must therefore be detected promptly. Nevertheless, routine screening for delirium in acute care hospital wards is often inadequate. We recently implemented a simple, user-friendly delirium screening test (RMA) that can [...] Read more.

Delirium is often the first symptom of incipient acute illness or complications and must therefore be detected promptly. Nevertheless, routine screening for delirium in acute care hospital wards is often inadequate. We recently implemented a simple, user-friendly delirium screening test (RMA) that can be administered during ward rounds and routine nursing care. The test was found to be non-inferior to 4AT in terms of sensitivity and specificity. However, the dominant factors to take into account when assessing the performance of a test added to the routine work of busy acute care hospital wards are ease of administration, real-life amenability and the ability of the staff to adhere to testing requirements. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of daily RMA tests that were not administered as scheduled and the impact of these omissions on the overall real-world performance of RMA. Using point-in-time assessments of 4AT by an external rater, we found that complete RMA was administered in 88.8% of the days. Physicians omitted significantly more tests than nurses, but their results were more specific for delirium. Omissions reduced the sensitivity and specificity of RMA for delirium (compared to 4AT) from 90.7% to 81.7%, and from 99.2% to 87.8%, respectively. Ideally, the number of omitted RMA tests should be minimized. However, if over 85% of the daily quota of complete tests are administered, the sensitivity and specificity of RMA for diagnosing delirium as soon as it appears remain at acceptable levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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14 pages, 7142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Neuroprotective and Anxiolytic Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Retinal Dopaminergic Neurons in 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinsonian Rats: A Pilot Study

by Leyi Huang, Renxi Lin, Chunying Zhang, Shaoqing Zheng, Yiyang Wang, Zeyu Wu, Sihao Chen, Yihan Shen, Guoheng Zhang, Yuanlin Qi and Ling Lin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090861 - 26 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study investigates the protective effects of magnesium sulfate on dopamine neurons in the retinas of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Rapidly progressing cognitive decline often precedes or coincides with the motor symptoms associated with PD. PD patients also frequently exhibit [...] Read more.

This study investigates the protective effects of magnesium sulfate on dopamine neurons in the retinas of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Rapidly progressing cognitive decline often precedes or coincides with the motor symptoms associated with PD. PD patients also frequently exhibit visual function abnormalities. However, the specific mechanisms underlying visual dysfunction in PD patients are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether magnesium homeostasis affects dopaminergic neurons in the retina of PD rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) control with magnesium sulfate (control/MgSO₄), (3) Parkinson’s disease (PD), and (4) Parkinson’s disease with magnesium sulfate (PD/MgSO₄). The apomorphine-induced (APO) rotation test assessed the success of the PD models. The open-field experiment measured the rats’ anxiety levels. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamate levels, indicators of dopamine neuron survival, were detected using immunofluorescence staining. Protein levels of solute carrier family 41 A1 (SCL41A1), magnesium transporter 1 (MagT1), and cyclin M2 (CNNM2) in the retina were analyzed using Western blot. Results showed that, compared to the PD group, rats in the PD/MgSO₄ group had improved psychological states and motor performance at two and four weeks post-surgery. The PD/MgSO₄ group also exhibited significantly higher TH fluorescence intensity in the left retinas and lower glutamate fluorescence intensity than the PD group. Additional experiments indicated that the protein levels of SLC41A1, MagT1, and CNNM2 were generally higher in the retinas of the PD/MgSO₄ group, along with an increase in retinal magnesium ion content. This suggests that magnesium sulfate may reduce glutamate levels and protect dopamine neurons in the retina. Thus, magnesium sulfate might have therapeutic potential for visual functional impairments in PD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuromuscular and Movement Disorders)

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21 pages, 6117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Known and Unknown Study Items in a Memory Task Using Single-Trial Event-Related Potentials and Convolutional Neural Networks

by Jorge Delgado-Munoz, Reiko Matsunaka and Kazuo Hiraki

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090860 - 26 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study examines the feasibility of using event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained from electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings as biomarkers for long-term memory item classification. Previous studies have identified old/new effects in memory paradigms associated with explicit long-term memory and familiarity. Recent advancements in convolutional neural [...] Read more.

This study examines the feasibility of using event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained from electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings as biomarkers for long-term memory item classification. Previous studies have identified old/new effects in memory paradigms associated with explicit long-term memory and familiarity. Recent advancements in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have enabled the classification of ERP trials under different conditions and the identification of features related to neural processes at the single-trial level. We employed this approach to compare three CNN models with distinct architectures using experimental data. Participants (N = 25) performed an association memory task while recording ERPs that were used for training and validation of the CNN models. The EEGNET-based model achieved the most reliable performance in terms of precision, recall, and specificity compared with the shallow and deep convolutional approaches. The classification accuracy of this model reached 62% for known items and 66% for unknown items. Good overall accuracy requires a trade-off between recall and specificity and depends on the architecture of the model and the dataset size. These results suggest the possibility of integrating ERP and CNN into online learning tools and identifying the underlying processes related to long-term memorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroscience Meets Artificial Intelligence)

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13 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alzheimer’s-Disease-Related Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

by Takanobu Ishiguro and Kensaku Kasuga

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090859 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 436

Abstract

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is the most common four-repeat tauopathy. PSP cases are typically characterized by vertical gaze palsy and postural instability; however, various phenotypes have been reported, making antemortem diagnosis based on clinical symptoms challenging. The development of biomarkers reflecting brain pathology [...] Read more.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is the most common four-repeat tauopathy. PSP cases are typically characterized by vertical gaze palsy and postural instability; however, various phenotypes have been reported, making antemortem diagnosis based on clinical symptoms challenging. The development of biomarkers reflecting brain pathology and the ability to diagnose patients based on these biomarkers are essential for developing future intervention strategies, including disease-modifying therapies. However, despite many dedicated efforts, no highly specific fluid biomarker for PSP has yet been established. Conversely, several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) have been established, and an AT(N) classification system has been proposed. Typically, among patients with AD, CSF amyloid β42 (Aβ42), but not Aβ40, is decreased, resulting in a reduction in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, while tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) and total tau (t-tau) are increased. Interestingly, the core CSF AD biomarkers show unique patterns in patients with PSP. Furthermore, reports have indicated that the CSF levels of both Aβ42 and Aβ40 are decreased independently of Aβ accumulation in PSP. Therefore, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio could potentially be used to differentiate PSP from AD. Additionally, studies have reported that CSF p-tau and t-tau are reduced in PSP, and that the neurofilament light chain is remarkably increased compared to healthy controls and patients with AD, even though PSP is a neurodegenerative disease associated with tau accumulation. These PSP-specific changes in AD-related core biomarkers may reflect the pathology of PSP and contribute to its diagnosis. As such, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the observed decreases in Aβ and tau levels could facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PSP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Future Directions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy)

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11 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Epilepsy Characteristics on the Anxiety Occurrence

by Aleksandar Gavrilovic, Jagoda Gavrilovic, Jelena Ilic Zivojinovic, Ljiljana Jeličić, Snezana Radovanovic and Katarina Vesic

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090858 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 285

Abstract

The presence of anxiety in individuals with epilepsy significantly influences their medical treatment and quality of life and often goes unrecognized or untreated, posing a challenge to differential diagnosis. The study aimed to investigate the influence of epilepsy characteristics on anxiety. The research [...] Read more.

The presence of anxiety in individuals with epilepsy significantly influences their medical treatment and quality of life and often goes unrecognized or untreated, posing a challenge to differential diagnosis. The study aimed to investigate the influence of epilepsy characteristics on anxiety. The research involved 155 patients with generalized and focal drug-sensitive [DSE] and drug-resistant [DRE] epilepsy. Hamilton anxiety rating scale [HAS] was used to assess the symptoms of anxiety at three time points [baseline, 12, and 18 months]. DSE patients exhibited significantly lower HAM-A scores than patients with DRE at the initial visit [p = 0.000] after 12 [p = 0.000] and 18-month follow-up [p = 0.000]. Focal DRE patients presented higher HAM-A scores than focal DSE patients in the initial visit [p = 0.000] after 12 [p = 0.000] and 18 months [p = 0.000]. Medication responsiveness, seizure type, and illness duration emerged as significant anxiety predictors [p = 0.000]. After 18 months of follow-up, significant contributors to anxiety were drug responsivity and illness duration [p = 0.000]. The occurrence of anxiety in epilepsy patients is most significantly influenced by well-controlled epilepsy and a positive response to medication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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Brain Sci., Volume 14, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 39 articles

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