Nicotine’s Effects on Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in a Mice Model: Time Matters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.2.1. Behavioral Sensitization
- Habituation
- Experiment 1 (Exp. 1)
- Experiment 2 (Exp. 2)
- Behavioral Assessment
2.2.2. Sensorimotor Gating
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Mass
3.2. Open Field: Locomotor Activity
3.2.1. Habituation (Tables S3 and S4)
3.2.2. Acquisition Phase 1 (Figure 2)
3.2.3. Acquisition Phase 2 (Table 1, Figure 3)
Experiment 1: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
Phencyclidine | F1,83 = 76.0, p < 0.001 |
Phencyclidine × Sex | F1,83 = 4.5, p = 0.036 |
Day × Phencyclidine | F3,249 = 2.1, p = 0.097 |
Interval × Phencyclidine | F1,83 = 340.8, p < 0.001 |
Interval × Nicotine | F1,83 = 4.0, p = 0.051 |
Interval × Phencyclidine × Nicotine | F1,83 = 3.1, p = 0.082 |
Experiment 2: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 232.6, p < 0.001 |
Nicotine × Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 3.7, p = 0.058 |
Phencyclidine × Sex | F1,73 = 7.8, p = 0.006 |
Day × Interval × Phencyclidine | F3,219 = 2.7, p = 0.05 |
Day × Interval × Phencyclidine × Sex | F3,219 = 3.3, p = 0.021 |
Day × Interval × Nicotine × Phencyclidine × Sex | F3,219 = 2.8, p = 0.042 |
Interval × Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 49.1, p < 0.001 |
3.3. Open Field: Rearing
3.3.1. Acquisition Phase 1 (Figure 4a,b)
3.3.2. Acquisition Phase 2 (Table 2, Figure 4c,d)
Experiment 1: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
Phencyclidine | F1,74 = 9.0, p = 0.004 |
Nicotine | F1,74 = 86.3, p < 0.001 |
Phencyclidine × Nicotine | F1,74 = 23.4, p < 0.001 |
Day × Interval × Phencyclidine | F1,74 = 3.3, p = 0.072 |
Interval × Phencyclidine | F1,74 = 74.9, p < 0.001 |
Interval × Nicotine | F1,74 = 214.9, p < 0.001 |
Interval × Phencyclidine × Nicotine | F1,74 = 73.6, p < 0.001 |
Experiment 2: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
Nicotine | F1,73 = 158.4, p < 0.001 |
Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 160.9, p < 0.001 |
Nicotine × Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 112.2, p < 0.001 |
Day × Nicotine | F1,73 = 3.0, p = 0.087 |
Interval × Nicotine | F1,73 = 191.8, p < 0.001 |
Interval × Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 164.5, p < 0.001 |
Interval × Nicotine × Phencyclidine | F1,73 = 211.1, p < 0.001 |
3.4. Prepulse Inhibition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Experiment 1: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
dB Intensity | F2,138 = 40.7, p < 0.001 |
Phencyclidine | F1,69 = 29.8, p < 0.001 |
dB Intensity × Phencyclidine | F2,138 = 4.2, p = 0.017 |
dB Intensity × Phencyclidine × Nicotine × Sex | F2,138 = 2.6, p = 0.079 |
Experiment 2: Effect or Interaction | Fd.f., p Value |
dB Intensity | F2,160 = 61.5, p < 0.001 |
Phencyclidine | F1,80 = 7.6, p = 0.007 |
dB Intensity × Phencyclidine | F2,160 = 2.7, p = 0.07 |
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Dutra-Tavares, A.C.; Couto, L.A.; Souza, T.P.; Bandeira-Martins, A.; Silva, J.O.; Filgueiras, C.C.; Ribeiro-Carvalho, A.; Manhães, A.C.; Abreu-Villaça, Y. Nicotine’s Effects on Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in a Mice Model: Time Matters. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090855
Dutra-Tavares AC, Couto LA, Souza TP, Bandeira-Martins A, Silva JO, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Nicotine’s Effects on Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in a Mice Model: Time Matters. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(9):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090855
Chicago/Turabian StyleDutra-Tavares, Ana Carolina, Luciana Araújo Couto, Thainá P. Souza, Anais Bandeira-Martins, Juliana Oliveira Silva, Claudio C. Filgueiras, Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho, Alex C. Manhães, and Yael Abreu-Villaça. 2024. "Nicotine’s Effects on Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in a Mice Model: Time Matters" Brain Sciences 14, no. 9: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090855