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Article

Could SARS-CoV-2 Have Bacteriophage Behavior or Induce the Activity of Other Bacteriophages?

by
Carlo Brogna
1,*,†,
Barbara Brogna
2,
Domenico Rocco Bisaccia
1,
Francesco Lauritano
1,
Giuliano Marino
3,
Luigi Montano
4,
Simone Cristoni
5,
Marina Prisco
6 and
Marina Piscopo
6,*,†
1
Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
2
Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
3
Marsan Consulting Srl., Public Health Company, Via dei Fiorentini, 80133 Naples, Italy
4
Andrology Unit and Service of Life Style Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy
5
ISB—Ion Source & Biotechnologies Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
6
Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050708
Submission received: 9 April 2022 / Revised: 25 April 2022 / Accepted: 28 April 2022 / Published: 29 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Variant-Based Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Diseases)
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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 has become one of the most studied viruses of the last century. It was assumed that the only possible host for these types of viruses was mammalian eukaryotic cells. Our recent studies show that microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract affect the severity of COVID-19 and for the first time provide indications that the virus might replicate in gut bacteria. In order to further support these findings, in the present work, cultures of bacteria from the human microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed by electron and fluorescence microscopy. The images presented in this article, in association with the nitrogen (15N) isotope-labeled culture medium experiment, suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could also infect bacteria in the gut microbiota, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 could act as a bacteriophage. Our results add new knowledge to the understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and fill gaps in the study of the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and non-mammalian cells. These findings could be useful in suggesting specific new pharmacological solutions to support the vaccination campaign.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; human microbiota; Sabin vaccine; electron microscope; mucosal immunity; bacteriophage SARS-CoV-2; human microbiota; Sabin vaccine; electron microscope; mucosal immunity; bacteriophage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Brogna, C.; Brogna, B.; Bisaccia, D.R.; Lauritano, F.; Marino, G.; Montano, L.; Cristoni, S.; Prisco, M.; Piscopo, M. Could SARS-CoV-2 Have Bacteriophage Behavior or Induce the Activity of Other Bacteriophages? Vaccines 2022, 10, 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050708

AMA Style

Brogna C, Brogna B, Bisaccia DR, Lauritano F, Marino G, Montano L, Cristoni S, Prisco M, Piscopo M. Could SARS-CoV-2 Have Bacteriophage Behavior or Induce the Activity of Other Bacteriophages? Vaccines. 2022; 10(5):708. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050708

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brogna, Carlo, Barbara Brogna, Domenico Rocco Bisaccia, Francesco Lauritano, Giuliano Marino, Luigi Montano, Simone Cristoni, Marina Prisco, and Marina Piscopo. 2022. "Could SARS-CoV-2 Have Bacteriophage Behavior or Induce the Activity of Other Bacteriophages?" Vaccines 10, no. 5: 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050708

APA Style

Brogna, C., Brogna, B., Bisaccia, D. R., Lauritano, F., Marino, G., Montano, L., Cristoni, S., Prisco, M., & Piscopo, M. (2022). Could SARS-CoV-2 Have Bacteriophage Behavior or Induce the Activity of Other Bacteriophages? Vaccines, 10(5), 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050708

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