Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level Is Associated with a History of COVID-19 Infection and mRNA Vaccination in Patients with Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Ethics Approval
2.3. Data Collection and Outcome
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | T2DM (n = 201) | Non-T2DM (n = 88) |
---|---|---|
Age (years), Median (IQR) * | 60 (28–84) | 56 (21–87) |
Age category, n (%) | ||
<65 | 140 (69.7) | 61 (69.3) |
≥65 | 61 (30.3) | 27 (30.7) |
Gender, n (%) | ||
Female | 101 (50.2) | 53 (60.2) |
Male | 100 (49.8) | 35 (39.8) |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||
Hypertension ** | 125 (62.2) | 28 (31.8) |
Obesity | 25 (12.4) | 5 (5.7) |
Cardiovascular disease * | 67 (33.3) | 19 (21.6) |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 19 (9.5) | 3 (3.4) |
Chronic kidney disease | 9 (4.5) | 1 (1.1) |
Chronic liver disease | 10 (5.0) | 3 (3.4) |
Autoimmune disease | 4 (2.0) | 2 (2.3) |
Malignancy | 17 (8.5) | 2 (2.3) |
Body mass index, n (%) | ||
Underweight | 9 (4.5) | 7 (8.0) |
Normal | 48 (23.9) | 24 (27.3) |
Overweight | 44 (21.9) | 19 (21.6) |
Pre-obese | 68 (33.8) | 29 (33.0) |
Obese | 32 (15.9) | 9 (10.2) |
Vaccination status, n (%) | ||
Never | 61 (30.3) | 17 (19.3) |
1 time | 14 (7.0) | 3 (3.4) |
2 times | 60 (29.9) | 28 (31.8) |
3 times | 66 (32.8) | 40 (45.5) |
Type of COVID-19 vaccine, n (%) ** | ||
None | 61 (30.3) | 17 (19.3) |
Sinovac | 66 (32.8) | 25 (35.2) |
mRNA ± Sinovac | 56 (27.9) | 34 (47.9) |
AstraZeneca ± Sinovac | 18 (9.0) | 12 (16.9) |
Time since last vaccination (months), Median (IQR) | 11 (0–30) | 9 (2–19) |
Time since last vaccination category (months), n (%) | ||
<3 | 12 (8.6) | 3 (4.2) |
3–6 | 24 (17.1) | 18 (25.4) |
>6 | 104 (74.3) | 50 (70.4) |
History of COVID-19 infection, n (%) * | ||
Yes | 50 (24.9) | 12 (13.6) |
No | 151 (75.1) | 76 (86.4) |
History of close contact, n (%) | ||
Yes | 48 (23.9) | 13 (14.8) |
No | 153 (76.1) | 75 (85.2) |
Antibody level (BAU/mL), geometric mean (95% CI) | 1539 (1135–2088) | 2367 (1785–3137) |
Antibody level category (BAU/mL), n (%) | ||
<4000 | 66 (32.8) | 27 (30.7) |
≥4000 | 135 (67.2) | 61 (69.3) |
Variable | SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level (BAU/mL) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
<4000 (n = 66) | ≥4000 (n = 135) | ||
Age (years), Median (IQR) | 60 (51–67) | 60 (54–65) | 0.742 |
Age category, n (%) | |||
<65 | 44 (66.7) | 96 (71.1) | 0.520 |
≥65 | 22 (33.3) | 39 (28.9) | |
Gender, n (%) | |||
Female | 38 (57.6) | 63 (46.7) | 0.146 |
Male | 28 (42.4) | 72 (53.3) | |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | |||
Yes | 42 (63.6) | 83 (61.5) | 0.767 |
No | 24 (36.4) | 52 (38.5) | |
Obesity | |||
Yes | 8 (12.1) | 17 (12.6) | 0.924 |
No | 58 (87.9) | 118 (87.4) | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||
Yes | 20 (30.3) | 47 (34.8) | 0.524 |
No | 46 (69.7) | 88 (65.2) | |
Chronic pulmonary disease | |||
Yes | 10 (15.1) | 9 (6.7) | 0.053 |
No | 56 (64.8) | 126 (93.3) | |
Chronic kidney disease | |||
Yes | 3 (4.5) | 6 (4.4) | 1.000 |
No | 63 (95.5) | 129 (95.6) | |
Chronic liver disease | |||
Yes | 3 (4.5) | 7 (5.2) | 1.000 |
No | 63 (95.5) | 128 (94.8) | |
Autoimmune disease | |||
Yes | 3 (4.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0.105 |
No | 63 (95.5) | 134 (99.3) | |
Malignancy | |||
Yes | 5 (3.9) | 12 (8.9) | 0.753 |
No | 123 (96.1) | 123 (91.1) | |
Body mass index, n (%) | |||
Underweight | 4 (6.1) | 5 (3.7) | 0.802 |
Normal | 18 (27.3) | 30 (22.2) | |
Overweight | 13 (19.7) | 31 (22.9) | |
Pre-obese | 20 (30.3) | 48 (35.6) | |
Obese | 11 (16.6) | 21 (15.6) | |
Duration of T2DM, years, n (%) | |||
<5 | 33 (51.6) | 72 (53.7) | 0.775 |
≥5 | 31 (48.4) | 62 (46.3) | |
T2DM therapy, n (%) | |||
Oral anti-hyperglycemic | 27 (40.9) | 57 (42.2) | 0.318 |
Injection anti-hyperglycemic | 24 (36.4) | 48 (35.6) | |
Combination | 11 (16.7) | 28 (20.7) | |
Without therapy | 4 (6.0) | 2 (1.5) | |
Glycemic index, n (%) | |||
Controlled | 7 (10.9) | 23 (17.3) | 0.245 |
Uncontrolled | 57 (89.1) | 110 (82.7) | |
Vaccination status, n (%) | |||
Never | 32 (48.5) | 29 (21.5) | <0.001 ** |
1 time | 4 (6.1) | 10 (7.4) | |
2 times | 19 (28.8) | 41 (30.4) | |
3 times | 11 (16.6) | 55 (40.7) | |
Type of COVID-19 vaccine, n (%) | <0.001 ** | ||
None | 32 (48.5) | 29 (21.5) | |
Sinovac | 21 (31.8) | 45 (33.3) | |
mRNA ± Sinovac | 10 (15.2) | 46 (34.1) | |
AstraZeneca ± Sinovac | 3 (4.5) | 15 (11.1) | |
Time since last vaccination (months), Median (IQR) | 11 (7–14) | 10 (6–13) | 0.294 |
Time since last vaccination category (months), n (%) | 0.697 | ||
<3 | 3 (8.8) | 12 (11.3) | |
3–6 | 5 (14.7) | 21 (19.8) | |
>6 | 26 (76.5) | 73 (68.9) | |
History of COVID-19 infection, n (%) | 0.026 * | ||
Yes | 10 (15.2) | 40 (29.6) | |
No | 56 (84.8) | 95 (70.4) | |
History of close contact, n (%) | 0.001 * | ||
Yes | 6 (9.1) | 42 (31.1) | |
No | 60 (90.9) | 93 (68.9) |
Variable | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | p | Adjusted Odds Ratio | p | |
Gender (female) | 1.55 (0.86–2.81) | 0.147 | 1.28 (0.66–2.49) | 0.464 |
Comorbidity | ||||
Chronic pulmonary disease | 2.50 (0.96–6.49) | 0.060 | 4.49 (1.49–13.49) | 0.007 * |
Autoimmune disease | 6.38 (0.65–62.57) | 0.112 | 10.34 (0.97–109.77) | 0.053 |
Glycemic index (uncontrolled) | 1.69 (0.68–4.17) | 0.257 | 1.88 (0.70–5.03) | 0.210 |
Type of COVID-19 vaccine | ||||
Never | Ref | Ref | ||
Sinovac | 0.42 (0.21–0.87) | 0.019 * | 0.39 (0.18–0.83) | 0.015 * |
mRNA ± Sinovac | 0.20 (0.08–0.46) | <0.001 * | 0.14 (0.06–0.81) | <0.001 * |
AstraZeneca ± Sinovac | 0.18 (0.05–0.69) | 0.012 * | 0.21 (0.05–0.81) | 0.023 * |
History of COVID-19 infection | 0.42 (0.20–0.91) | 0.029 * | 0.43 (0.19–0.99) | 0.049 * |
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Share and Cite
Hataul, I.A.H.; Soetedjo, N.N.M.; Debora, J.; Tiara, M.R.; Djauhari, H.; Susandi, E.; Alisjahbana, B.; Wisaksana, R.; Permana, H. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level Is Associated with a History of COVID-19 Infection and mRNA Vaccination in Patients with Diabetes. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091424
Hataul IAH, Soetedjo NNM, Debora J, Tiara MR, Djauhari H, Susandi E, Alisjahbana B, Wisaksana R, Permana H. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level Is Associated with a History of COVID-19 Infection and mRNA Vaccination in Patients with Diabetes. Vaccines. 2023; 11(9):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091424
Chicago/Turabian StyleHataul, Is Asma’ul Haq, Nanny Natalia M. Soetedjo, Josephine Debora, Marita Restie Tiara, Hofiya Djauhari, Evan Susandi, Bachti Alisjahbana, Rudi Wisaksana, and Hikmat Permana. 2023. "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level Is Associated with a History of COVID-19 Infection and mRNA Vaccination in Patients with Diabetes" Vaccines 11, no. 9: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091424