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Volume 12
Issue 10
10.3390/vaccines12101126
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Review

T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination

by
Samuele Notarbartolo
Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101126
Submission received: 4 September 2024 / Revised: 25 September 2024 / Accepted: 27 September 2024 / Published: 30 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The innate and adaptive immune systems collaborate to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, minimize the viral spread, and kill infected cells, ultimately leading to the resolution of the infection. The adaptive immune system develops a memory of previous encounters with the virus, providing enhanced responses when rechallenged by the same pathogen. Such immunological memory is the basis of vaccine function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, focusing on the pivotal role of T cells in establishing protective immunity against the virus. After providing an overview of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we describe the main features of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including cross-reactive T cells, generated in patients with different degrees of COVID-19 severity, and of Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by vaccines. Finally, we discuss T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants and hybrid immunity and conclude by highlighting possible strategies to improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 vaccine; human T cells; immunological memory; antigen-specific T cells; cross-reactive T cells; hybrid immunity; resident memory T cells; vaccine improvement SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 vaccine; human T cells; immunological memory; antigen-specific T cells; cross-reactive T cells; hybrid immunity; resident memory T cells; vaccine improvement

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MDPI and ACS Style

Notarbartolo, S. T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines 2024, 12, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101126

AMA Style

Notarbartolo S. T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines. 2024; 12(10):1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101126

Chicago/Turabian Style

Notarbartolo, Samuele. 2024. "T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination" Vaccines 12, no. 10: 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101126

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