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Review

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity

by
Joshua Tobias
1,*,
Peter Steinberger
2,
Joy Wilkinson
1,
Gloria Klais
1,
Michael Kundi
3 and
Ursula Wiedermann
1,*
1
Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
2
Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
3
Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2024, 12(7), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795
Submission received: 12 June 2024 / Revised: 10 July 2024 / Accepted: 15 July 2024 / Published: 18 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)

Abstract

Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there is an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One such infectious disease is coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel Beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged around the end of 2019. The World Health Organization declared the illness a pandemic on 11 March 2020, and since then it has killed or sickened millions of people globally. The development of COVID-19 systemic vaccines, which impressively led to a significant reduction in disease severity, hospitalization, and mortality, contained the pandemic’s expansion. However, these vaccines have not been able to stop the virus from spreading because of the restricted development of mucosal immunity. As a result, breakthrough infections have frequently occurred, and new strains of the virus have been emerging. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to circulate and, like the influenza virus, co-exist with humans. The upper respiratory tract and nasal cavity are the primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection and, thus, a mucosal/nasal vaccination to induce a mucosal response and stop the virus’ transmission is warranted. In this review, we present the status of the systemic vaccines, both the approved mucosal vaccines and those under evaluation in clinical trials. Furthermore, we present our approach of a B-cell peptide-based vaccination applied by a prime-boost schedule to elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity.
Keywords: respiratory infections; parenteral vaccines; nasal vaccines; mucosal immunity; SARS-CoV-2; B-cell peptide-based vaccine; prime-boost immunization respiratory infections; parenteral vaccines; nasal vaccines; mucosal immunity; SARS-CoV-2; B-cell peptide-based vaccine; prime-boost immunization
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tobias, J.; Steinberger, P.; Wilkinson, J.; Klais, G.; Kundi, M.; Wiedermann, U. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity. Vaccines 2024, 12, 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795

AMA Style

Tobias J, Steinberger P, Wilkinson J, Klais G, Kundi M, Wiedermann U. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity. Vaccines. 2024; 12(7):795. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tobias, Joshua, Peter Steinberger, Joy Wilkinson, Gloria Klais, Michael Kundi, and Ursula Wiedermann. 2024. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity" Vaccines 12, no. 7: 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795

APA Style

Tobias, J., Steinberger, P., Wilkinson, J., Klais, G., Kundi, M., & Wiedermann, U. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity. Vaccines, 12(7), 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795

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