Advances in Dendritic-Cell-Based Vaccines against Respiratory Fungal Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pulmonary Dendritic Cells (DCs)
3. Origin and Development of Lung DCs
4. Functions of DC against Respiratory Fungal Pathogens
5. Dendritic-Cell-Based Experimental Fungal Vaccines
5.1. Aspergillus spp.
5.2. Coccidiodes spp.
5.3. Paracoccidioides spp.
5.4. Cryptococcus spp.
Fungi | Vaccine Type | Methodology | Major Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus spp. | RNA or live fungi/Crude antigen or subunit vaccine | Murine and human DC-pulsed (RNA complexed with DOTAP) | Enhanced DC’s MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules expression, and increased Th1/Th2 response | [108] |
Heat-killed fungi/Crude antigen vaccine | Human DC-pulsed | In vivo protective antigen-specific Th1 response (high IFN-γ and IL-10 production) | [109] | |
Heat-inactivated fungi/viral transduction | Murine DC-pulsed and IL-12 gene therapy | Increased Th1 responses, improved survivability, and reduced fungal burden | [110] | |
Coccidioides spp. | Ag2/Subunit vaccine (Ag2/PRA-cDNA transfected DC) | Murine transfected DCs | Reduced fungal burden, tissue injury in vaccinated mice, enhanced IgG levels, and increased IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 production | [120,121,122,123] |
Paracoccidioides spp. | Peptide vaccine (P10) P10 primary DC P10 primary monocyte derived-DC | P10-primed murine DCs | Reduced fungal burden in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice, protection against intratracheal challenge, protective Th1 responses, activation and upregulation of MHC-II, CD80, and CD86 on the DCs, and induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation. | [131,132,133] |
Cryptococcus spp. | Heat-killed Cryptococcus gattii mutant ∆cap60 | Murine DC-pulsed | Protection and stimulation of tissue-resident memory Th17 cells in the lungs | [138,144] |
Live or heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans mutant | - | Protective Th1-type adaptive immune response Induction of trained immunity of DCs | [140] |
6. Future Perspectives of Fungal DC Vaccines
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kulkarni, N.A.; Nanjappa, S.G. Advances in Dendritic-Cell-Based Vaccines against Respiratory Fungal Infections. Vaccines 2024, 12, 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090981
Kulkarni NA, Nanjappa SG. Advances in Dendritic-Cell-Based Vaccines against Respiratory Fungal Infections. Vaccines. 2024; 12(9):981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090981
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulkarni, Nitish A., and Som G. Nanjappa. 2024. "Advances in Dendritic-Cell-Based Vaccines against Respiratory Fungal Infections" Vaccines 12, no. 9: 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12090981