Proteins as Targets in Anti-Schistosomal Drug Discovery and Vaccine Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Protein Composition of Schistosome Life-Cycle Stages
1.1.1. Eggs
1.1.2. Miracidia
1.1.3. Cercariae
1.1.4. Schistosomula
1.1.5. Adult Worms
2. Protease Inhibitors and Schistosomiasis
2.1. Serpins
2.2. Schistosome Serpins
2.3. Functionally Characterized Schistosome Serpins
2.3.1. Elafin
2.3.2. SmPi56
2.3.3. SmSrpQ
2.3.4. SmKI-1
2.3.5. SjKI-1
2.3.6. SjB10
3. Sm29 Protein
4. Sm14 Protein
5. Heat Shock Proteins
5.1. S. mansoni Hsp60
5.2. Hsp60 Inhibitors
6. Current Status of Schistosomiasis Treatment
6.1. Tetraspanin Proteins
6.2. Paramyosin
6.3. Calpain
6.4. S. mansoni 29 Kilodalton Protein
6.5. Sm14
6.6. Schistosoma mansoni Kunitz Type Protease Inhibitor
6.7. Schistosoma mansoni Asparaginyl Endopeptidase (SmAE/Sm32)
7. Future Prospects of Protein Vaccine Candidates against Schistosoma Infection
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Schistosoma mansoni | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Database Gene Name | Size (kDa) | Reactive Central Loop Amino Acid Sequence | Potentially Targeted Protease | Similarity to Mammalian Serpin | Reference |
Smp_003300 | 43.7 | EDGVEAAAATVMGIGLRSA | SmCl2 | α1-antitrypsin (53%) | [53] |
Smp_090080 | 46.0 | ESGIEATTVTSPIFVPISA | Elastase-2 | Neuroserpin (48%) | [54] |
Smp_090090 | 46.3 | EVGMEARSVANAMFIPLSS | CT, Cat | Neuroserpin (52%) | [50] |
Smp_062080 | 43.3 | EQGVVAAAASSVEVVQLSA | Cercarial elastase | SCCA-2 (53%) | [55] |
Smp_155530 | 51.0 | EEGVVAAGVTACVFDNCDS | Peptidase complex (SPC) | SCCA-2 (55%) | [50] |
Smp_155550 | 43.5 | EKGAVAAAATATRMIRCTA | Peptidase complex (SPC) | PAI-2 (53%) | [50] |
Smp_155560 | 43.6 | EKGAVAAAATATQMVRCTA | Peptidase complex (SPC) | SCCA2/SCCA1 (52%) | [56] |
Smp_155560 | 43.8 | EKGAVAAAATATQMVRYSA | Peptidase complex (SPC) | PAI-2 (54%) | [56] |
Schistosoma japonicum | |||||
Sjp_0113720 | 26.4 | EKGVEAAAATAIYSLGRSL | Thrombin | Ovalbumin (52%) | [50] |
Sjp_0076600 | 45.0 | EEGAVAAAASATVMLKCSA | Peptidase complex (SPC) | SerpinB6c (57%) | [50] |
Sjp_0085750 | 45.6 | ESGIEAASVTSPIIVPISA | Elastase-2 | Neuroserpin (50%) | [50] |
Sjp_0113080 | 43.0 | EKGAEAAAATATKIIPLSL | Cercarial elastase | Proteinase inhibitor 6 (53%) | [50] |
Schistosoma haematobium | |||||
ShSPI | 45.9 | ESGIEATTVTSPIFVPFSA | Cercarial elastase | Ovalbumin (48%) | [57] |
Protease Inhibitor | Specie | Protease Inhibited | Location of Expression | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
SmSrpQ | Schistosoma mansoni | SmCE | Cercariae | [74] |
SmPi56 | Schistosoma mansoni | NE | Adult worms | [50,71,73] |
ShSPI | Schistosoma haematobium | Thrombin | Surface of adult worms | [89,98] |
SjB10 | Schistosoma japonicum | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic elastase | Cercariae, schistosomula, eggs, adult male worms | [97] |
SjB6 | Schistosoma japonicum | Trypsin | Eggs | [89] |
SmKI-1 | Schistosoma mansoni | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, NE | Adults, schistosomula, eggs | [67,71] |
SjKI-1 | Schistosoma japonicum | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, NE | Eggs, adult worms | [71] |
SmSPI | Schistosoma mansoni | Chymotrypsin, PE, NE | Head gland of schistosomules, spines of adults | [57] |
Antigen | Location | Target Species | Function | Vaccine Development Stage | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sm-TSP-2 | Tegument | S. mansoni | Maintains tegument creation and maturation in the adult worm | Phase I | [146] |
Sj97 | Tegument of schistosomula and penetration glands of the cercariae | S. japonicum | Associated with resistance to infection and re-infection | Pre-clinical | [2] |
Sm97 | Tegument and cercariae | S. mansoni | Offers protective immunity to the host | Pre-clinical | [147] |
Sm-p80 | All developmental stages of S. mansoni | S. mansoni | Immune evasion | Pre-clinical | [148] |
Sm29 | Tegument | S. mansoni | Protection against re-infection | Pre-clinical | [116] |
SmKI-1 | Tegument and sub-shell region of eggs | S. mansoni | Inhibits host proteases; permits parasite survival | Pre-clinical | [71] |
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Qokoyi, N.K.; Masamba, P.; Kappo, A.P. Proteins as Targets in Anti-Schistosomal Drug Discovery and Vaccine Development. Vaccines 2021, 9, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070762
Qokoyi NK, Masamba P, Kappo AP. Proteins as Targets in Anti-Schistosomal Drug Discovery and Vaccine Development. Vaccines. 2021; 9(7):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070762
Chicago/Turabian StyleQokoyi, Ndibonani Kebonang, Priscilla Masamba, and Abidemi Paul Kappo. 2021. "Proteins as Targets in Anti-Schistosomal Drug Discovery and Vaccine Development" Vaccines 9, no. 7: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070762