Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Metabolites in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement of the Study Cohort and Sample Collection
2.2. Metadata and Biochemical Analysis
2.3. Bacterial DNA Extraction
2.4. 16S Ribosomal (r)RNA Gene Sequencing
2.5. Metabolites Extraction
2.6. UPLC-MS/MS Analysis
2.7. Bioinformatic Analysis
2.8. UP-LC-MS/MS Data Preprocessing and Annotation
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data of Recruited Participants in This Study
3.2. Statistical Results of Gut Microbial Communities in Enrolled Subjected Assessed with Long-Read Sequencing Results
3.3. Identification and Comparison of the Microbial Communities in the Guts of the Healthy Group and CKD Patients Classified Using a Long-Read Sequencing Platform
3.4. Differential Abundances of Identified OTUs at the Species Level between Healthy Participants and CKD Patients Evaluated Statistically
3.5. Metabolic Profiles among Healthy Participants and CKD Patients across Distinct Stages
3.6. Potential Utility of Identified OTUs or Gut Metabolites on Differentiating CKD Subjects across Distinct Stages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Healthy Group (n = 60) | Stage 1 and 2 CKD (n = 15) | Stage 3 CKD (n = 60) | Stage 4 and 5 CKD (n = 21) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity (Taiwanese) | 60 (100%) | 15 (100%) | 60 (100%) | 21 (100%) | No Difference |
Age (Median(IQR)) | 66 (41–87) | 67 (50–84) | 71 (33–90) | 71 (43–87) | >0.5 |
Sex Female Male | >0.5 | ||||
32 (53.3%) 28 (46.7%) | 4 (26.67%) 11 (73.33%) | 30 (50%) 30 (50%) | 10 (47.62%) 11 (52.38%) | ||
T2DM | 0 (0%) | 6 (40%) | 9 (15%) | 7 (33.3%) | >0.5 |
Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) (Median(IQR)) | 89 (61–100) | 114 (91–425) | 101 (81–216) | 108 (77–278) | >0.5 |
PleaseHbA1c (%) (Median(IQR)) | 5.1 (4.2–6.0) | 7.05 (5.2–9.4) | 5.8 (4.1–8.6) | 6 (4.7–8.5) | >0.5 |
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) (Median(IQR)) | 0.72 (0.5–1.15) | 1.05 (0.73–1.41) | 1.475 (0.86–3.36) | 3.12 (1.96–13.15) | 0.031 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) (Median(IQR)) | 92.4 (63.9–134.2) | 69.88 (63.57–81.18) | 43.37 (37.32–51.7) | 18.11 (10.04–25.73) | 0.018 |
Group | Healthy Group (n = 60) | Stage 1 and 2 CKD (n = 15) | Stage 3 CKD (n = 60) | Stage 4 and 5 CKD (n = 21) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Raw reads per sample | 86,121 (±7321) | 101,233 (±15,702) | 91,775 (±13,488) | 113,206 (±23,517) | >0.5 |
Number of qualified reads per sample | 63,879 (±5121) | 93,508 (±8332) | 80,034 (±7540) | 96,681 (±8116) | >0.5 |
Correctly classified (% (SD)) | 89.22 (5.64) | 90.13 (4.97) | 91.59 (5.06) | 87.31 (7.21) | >0.5 |
Metabolite | KEGG | HMDB | Microbe | Hsa | Healthy | CKD | VIP | p Value | Fold Change | RSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-Adenosylhomocysteine | C00021 | HMDB0000939 | + | + | 1.81 × 10−5 | 0.000258 | 2.51 | 0.029 | 6.94 | 3.37 |
Propionic acid | C00163 | HMDB0000619 | + | + | 0.000239 | 0.012946 | 2.36 | 0.021 | 3.17 | 23.17 |
Myristic acid | C06424 | HMDB0000806 | + | + | 0.005311 | 0.001116 | 2.35 | 0.019 | 3.49 | 9.85 |
L-Carnitine | C00318 | HMDB0000062 | NA | + | 7.44 × 10−6 | 0.000509 | 2.25 | 0.131 | 2.72 | 19.38 |
Capsaicin | C06866 | HMDB0002227 | + | + | 0.000343 | 0.002697 | 1.75 | 0.034 | 6.02 | 11.52 |
L-Tyrosine | C00082 | HMDB0000158 | + | + | 0.000186 | 0.005451 | 1.74 | 0.037 | 4.81 | 24.62 |
Ephedrine | C01575 | HMDB0015451 | + | + | 4.51 × 10−6 | 0.000865 | 2.03 | 0.019 | 6.25 | 17.22 |
gamma-Terpinene | C09900 | HMDB0005806 | NA | NA | 0.000131 | 0.001716 | 1.39 | 0.039 | 4.43 | 20.15 |
Tricetin | C10192 | HMDB0029620 | NA | NA | 0.120803 | 0.000461 | 1.27 | 0.124 | 3.09 | 20.54 |
Trehalose | C01083 | HMDB0000975 | + | + | 0.000273 | 0.02608 | 1.21 | 0.042 | 6.18 | 24.15 |
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Chen, T.-H.; Liu, C.-W.; Ho, Y.-H.; Huang, C.-K.; Hung, C.-S.; Smith, B.H.; Lin, J.-C. Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Metabolites in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3881. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173881
Chen T-H, Liu C-W, Ho Y-H, Huang C-K, Hung C-S, Smith BH, Lin J-C. Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Metabolites in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(17):3881. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173881
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Tso-Hsiao, Chao-Wei Liu, Yi-Hsien Ho, Chun-Kai Huang, Ching-Sheng Hung, Barry H. Smith, and Jung-Chun Lin. 2021. "Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Metabolites in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 17: 3881. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173881