Residual Lung Function Impairment Is Associated with Hyperventilation in Patients Recovered from Hospitalised COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All Patients (N = 81) | Patients with Normocapnia (N = 62) | Patients with Hypocapnia (N = 19) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66.5 ± 11.2 | 67.2 ± 10.7 | 64.4 ± 12.5 | 0.353 a |
Male, n (%) | 54 (67) | 39 (63) | 15 (79) | 0.194 b |
BMI, kg∙m2 | 27 (24.4–30) | 27.1 (24.3–30.7) | 26.9 (25–29.2) | 0.705 c |
Smoking habit, no/current or former, n (%) | 46 (57)/35 (43) | 37 (60)/25 (40) | 9 (47)/10 (53) | 0.343 b |
Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 46 (57) | 34 (55) | 12 (63) | 0.522 b |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (12) | 8 (13) | 2 (10) | >0.999 d |
Cough, n (%) | 9 (11) | 8 (13) | 1 (5) | 0.678 d |
Extensional dyspnea, n (%) | 16 (20) | 13 (21) | 3 (16) | 0.751 d |
Asthenia, n (%) | 27 (33) | 20 (32) | 7 (37) | 0.711 b |
Muscle fatigue, n (%) | 19 (24) | 15 (24) | 4 (21) | >0.999 d |
Heart rate, bpm | 69.8 ± 10.5 | 69.9 ± 10.3 | 69.8 ± 11.4 | 0.967 a |
Respiratory rate, bpm | 16 (14–20) | 16 (14–20) | 16 (13.5–20) | 0.543 c |
SpO2, % | 97 (96,97) | 97 (96,97) | 97 (96–98) | 0.093 c |
pH | 7.43 (7.41–7.44) | 7.42 (7.41–7.44) | 7.44 (7.43–7.46) | 0.002c |
PaCO2, mmHg | 38 (36–40) | 39 (37–41) | 34 (32–34) | <0.001c |
PaO2, mmHg | 96.3 ± 12.8 | 94.1 ± 12.3 | 103.2 ± 12.1 | 0.007a |
PaO2/FiO2 | 458.3 ± 61 | 448.3 ± 58.8 | 491.2 ± 57.9 | 0.007a |
PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 400 e, n (%) | 15 (18) | 14 (23) | 1 (5) | 0.173 d |
stPaO2, mmHg | 91.7 ± 11.9 | 91.9 ± 12.2 | 91.3 ± 11.2 | 0.884 a |
P(A-a)O2, mmHg | 6.04 ± 12.1 | 6.29 ± 12.5 | 5.25 ± 11.2 | 0.747 a |
HCO3−, mmol/L | 25 ± 2 | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 22.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001a |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1–4) | 0.926 c |
Haemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 14 ± 1.7 | 0.907 a |
Platelets, 109/L | 209.8 ± 48.7 | 211.2 ± 52.3 | 204.9 ± 33.7 | 0.664 a |
Leucocytes, 109/L | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 5.98 ± 1.5 | 6.13 ± 1.3 | 0.710 a |
FEV1, % predicted | 120 ± 21.1 | 122.2 ± 21.6 | 112.4 ± 17.6 | 0.093 a |
FVC, % predicted | 120 (110.2–140.7) | 121 (112–141) | 118 (96–139) | 0.226 c |
FEV1/FVC, % | 101 (98–106) | 102 (98–107) | 100 (94–103) | 0.073 c |
TLC, % predicted | 100.5 ± 13.3 | 101 ± 13.7 | 98.7 ± 12.1 | 0.547 a |
DLCO, % predicted | 86.4 ± 16.5 | 88.6 ± 16.3 | 78.5 ± 15.3 | 0.034a |
KCO, % predicted | 94.9 ± 17.2 | 97.2 ± 17.4 | 86.5 ± 13.6 | 0.032a |
Variables measured at hospitalisation for COVID-19 | ||||
pH f (N = 64) | 7.47 (7.44–7.50) | 7.48 (7.45–7.50) | 7.47 (7.43–7.50) | 0.394 c |
PaCO2, mmHg f (N = 64) | 33 (31–35) | 34 (32–35) | 31 (27–33) | 0.010c |
PaO2/FiO2 f (N = 64) | 288.8 ± 86.6 | 284.9 ± 90.5 | 301.5 ± 73.5 | 0.522 a |
PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 f (N = 64), n (%) | 37 (58) | 31 (63) | 6 (40) | 0.110 b |
stPaO2/FiO2f (N = 64) | 234.4 ± 86.4 | 236.3 ± 92.8 | 228.2 ± 63.7 | 0.752 a |
P(A-a)O2, mmHg f (N = 64) | 46.1 (37.4–66.5) | 45.7 (36.2–66.5) | 46.5 (37.5–69.7) | 0.890 c |
HCO3−, mmol/L f (N = 64) | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.1 | 21.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001a |
Length of stay, days | 8.1 (5–13.5) | 8 (5–14) | 11 (5–13) | 0.369 c |
Unit of admission, ICU/medical ward, n (%) | 12 (15)/69 (85) | 10 (16)/52 (84) | 2 (10)/17 (90) | 0.722 d |
Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0) | >0.999 d |
Oxygen-therapy, n (%) | 52 (64) | 40 (64) | 12 (63) | 0.914 b |
Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 60 (74) | 44 (71) | 16 (84) | 0.372 d |
Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 65 (80) | 48 (77) | 17 (89) | 0.335 d |
Antibiotics, n (%) | 22 (27) | 16 (26) | 6 (32) | 0.621 b |
Tocilizumab, n (%) | 16 (20) | 11 (18) | 5 (26) | 0.511 d |
Steroids, n (%) | 22 (27) | 14 (23) | 8 (42) | 0.094 b |
Prophylactic LMWH, n (%) | 26 (41) | 22 (45) | 4 (27) | 0.208 d |
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Crisafulli, E.; Gabbiani, D.; Magnani, G.; Dorelli, G.; Busti, F.; Sartori, G.; Senna, G.; Girelli, D., the RESPICOVID Study Investigators
Crisafulli E, Gabbiani D, Magnani G, Dorelli G, Busti F, Sartori G, Senna G, Girelli D the RESPICOVID Study Investigators
Crisafulli, Ernesto, Daniele Gabbiani, Giulia Magnani, Gianluigi Dorelli, Fabiana Busti, Giulia Sartori, Gianenrico Senna, and Domenico Girelli the RESPICOVID Study Investigators