Residual Lung Function Impairment Is Associated with Hyperventilation in Patients Recovered from Hospitalised COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All Patients (N = 81) | Patients with Normocapnia (N = 62) | Patients with Hypocapnia (N = 19) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66.5 ± 11.2 | 67.2 ± 10.7 | 64.4 ± 12.5 | 0.353 a |
Male, n (%) | 54 (67) | 39 (63) | 15 (79) | 0.194 b |
BMI, kg∙m2 | 27 (24.4–30) | 27.1 (24.3–30.7) | 26.9 (25–29.2) | 0.705 c |
Smoking habit, no/current or former, n (%) | 46 (57)/35 (43) | 37 (60)/25 (40) | 9 (47)/10 (53) | 0.343 b |
Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 46 (57) | 34 (55) | 12 (63) | 0.522 b |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (12) | 8 (13) | 2 (10) | >0.999 d |
Cough, n (%) | 9 (11) | 8 (13) | 1 (5) | 0.678 d |
Extensional dyspnea, n (%) | 16 (20) | 13 (21) | 3 (16) | 0.751 d |
Asthenia, n (%) | 27 (33) | 20 (32) | 7 (37) | 0.711 b |
Muscle fatigue, n (%) | 19 (24) | 15 (24) | 4 (21) | >0.999 d |
Heart rate, bpm | 69.8 ± 10.5 | 69.9 ± 10.3 | 69.8 ± 11.4 | 0.967 a |
Respiratory rate, bpm | 16 (14–20) | 16 (14–20) | 16 (13.5–20) | 0.543 c |
SpO2, % | 97 (96,97) | 97 (96,97) | 97 (96–98) | 0.093 c |
pH | 7.43 (7.41–7.44) | 7.42 (7.41–7.44) | 7.44 (7.43–7.46) | 0.002c |
PaCO2, mmHg | 38 (36–40) | 39 (37–41) | 34 (32–34) | <0.001c |
PaO2, mmHg | 96.3 ± 12.8 | 94.1 ± 12.3 | 103.2 ± 12.1 | 0.007a |
PaO2/FiO2 | 458.3 ± 61 | 448.3 ± 58.8 | 491.2 ± 57.9 | 0.007a |
PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 400 e, n (%) | 15 (18) | 14 (23) | 1 (5) | 0.173 d |
stPaO2, mmHg | 91.7 ± 11.9 | 91.9 ± 12.2 | 91.3 ± 11.2 | 0.884 a |
P(A-a)O2, mmHg | 6.04 ± 12.1 | 6.29 ± 12.5 | 5.25 ± 11.2 | 0.747 a |
HCO3−, mmol/L | 25 ± 2 | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 22.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001a |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1–4) | 0.926 c |
Haemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 14 ± 1.7 | 0.907 a |
Platelets, 109/L | 209.8 ± 48.7 | 211.2 ± 52.3 | 204.9 ± 33.7 | 0.664 a |
Leucocytes, 109/L | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 5.98 ± 1.5 | 6.13 ± 1.3 | 0.710 a |
FEV1, % predicted | 120 ± 21.1 | 122.2 ± 21.6 | 112.4 ± 17.6 | 0.093 a |
FVC, % predicted | 120 (110.2–140.7) | 121 (112–141) | 118 (96–139) | 0.226 c |
FEV1/FVC, % | 101 (98–106) | 102 (98–107) | 100 (94–103) | 0.073 c |
TLC, % predicted | 100.5 ± 13.3 | 101 ± 13.7 | 98.7 ± 12.1 | 0.547 a |
DLCO, % predicted | 86.4 ± 16.5 | 88.6 ± 16.3 | 78.5 ± 15.3 | 0.034a |
KCO, % predicted | 94.9 ± 17.2 | 97.2 ± 17.4 | 86.5 ± 13.6 | 0.032a |
Variables measured at hospitalisation for COVID-19 | ||||
pH f (N = 64) | 7.47 (7.44–7.50) | 7.48 (7.45–7.50) | 7.47 (7.43–7.50) | 0.394 c |
PaCO2, mmHg f (N = 64) | 33 (31–35) | 34 (32–35) | 31 (27–33) | 0.010c |
PaO2/FiO2 f (N = 64) | 288.8 ± 86.6 | 284.9 ± 90.5 | 301.5 ± 73.5 | 0.522 a |
PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 f (N = 64), n (%) | 37 (58) | 31 (63) | 6 (40) | 0.110 b |
stPaO2/FiO2f (N = 64) | 234.4 ± 86.4 | 236.3 ± 92.8 | 228.2 ± 63.7 | 0.752 a |
P(A-a)O2, mmHg f (N = 64) | 46.1 (37.4–66.5) | 45.7 (36.2–66.5) | 46.5 (37.5–69.7) | 0.890 c |
HCO3−, mmol/L f (N = 64) | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.1 | 21.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001a |
Length of stay, days | 8.1 (5–13.5) | 8 (5–14) | 11 (5–13) | 0.369 c |
Unit of admission, ICU/medical ward, n (%) | 12 (15)/69 (85) | 10 (16)/52 (84) | 2 (10)/17 (90) | 0.722 d |
Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0) | >0.999 d |
Oxygen-therapy, n (%) | 52 (64) | 40 (64) | 12 (63) | 0.914 b |
Lopinavir/ritonavir, n (%) | 60 (74) | 44 (71) | 16 (84) | 0.372 d |
Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 65 (80) | 48 (77) | 17 (89) | 0.335 d |
Antibiotics, n (%) | 22 (27) | 16 (26) | 6 (32) | 0.621 b |
Tocilizumab, n (%) | 16 (20) | 11 (18) | 5 (26) | 0.511 d |
Steroids, n (%) | 22 (27) | 14 (23) | 8 (42) | 0.094 b |
Prophylactic LMWH, n (%) | 26 (41) | 22 (45) | 4 (27) | 0.208 d |
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Crisafulli, E.; Gabbiani, D.; Magnani, G.; Dorelli, G.; Busti, F.; Sartori, G.; Senna, G.; Girelli, D., the RESPICOVID Study Investigators
Crisafulli E, Gabbiani D, Magnani G, Dorelli G, Busti F, Sartori G, Senna G, Girelli D the RESPICOVID Study Investigators
Crisafulli, Ernesto, Daniele Gabbiani, Giulia Magnani, Gianluigi Dorelli, Fabiana Busti, Giulia Sartori, Gianenrico Senna, and Domenico Girelli the RESPICOVID Study Investigators
Crisafulli, E., Gabbiani, D., Magnani, G., Dorelli, G., Busti, F., Sartori, G., Senna, G., & Girelli, D., the RESPICOVID Study Investigators