Urinary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Kidney Physiology in Oncological Practice
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Study Limitations
6. Future Perspectives
7. Summary
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- Urine is an appealing biological fluid in terms of ease and safety of collection, and quantity.
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- Renal filtration also results in a less complex matrix than that of blood, containing fewer factors known to interfere with biomarker assays.
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- So far, many urinary metabolites have been processed. However, they await validation.
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- Analytical methods have been reported for the detection of urinary biomarkers.
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- Technological strides in urine analytical methodology have resulted in enormous progress for basic research.
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- These methods could be standardized and integrated into a procedure for targeted metabolomics by clinical investigators. The resulting quantification of biomarkers would offer a formidable diagnostic tool for early-stage lung cancer.
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Population | Main Results |
---|---|---|
Amundsen T. 2014 [20] | Lung cancer (77) | Sensitivity: 60% Specificity: 29.2% |
Mazzola S.M. 2020 [21] | Lung cancer (140), Controls (194) | Sensitivity: 45–73% Specificity: 89–91% |
Study | Population | Lung Cancer Patients (n) | Method | Metabolites | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mathé E.A. 2014 [22] | 1005 | 469 | LC-MS/MS | N-acetylneuraminic acid Cortisol sulfate Creatine Riboside 561+ | Accuracy = 78.1% |
Seow W.J. 2019 [23] | 564 | 275 | LC-MS/MS | 5-methyl-2-furoic-acid | N.R. |
Haznadar M. 2016 [24] | 529 | 178 | LC-MS/MS | Creatine riboside N-acetylneuraminic acid Cortisol sulfate 561+ | Sensitivity = 50% Specificity = 86% |
Yuan J.M. 2014 [25] | 165 | 82 | LC-MS/MS | PheT 3-OH-Phe total OH-Phe | |
Patel D.P. 2020 [26] | 174 | 76 | UPLC-ESI-MS | Creatine ribosi de Creatinine riboside Creatine Creatinine | |
Carrola J. 2011 [27] | 125 | 71 | HR-NMR | hydroxyisovalerate R-hydroxyisobutyrate N-acetylglutamine Creatinine | Sensitivity = 93% Specificity = 94% |
Zhang C. 2018 [28] | 231 | 33 | LC-MS/MS | FTL MAPK1IP1L FGB RAB33B RAB15 | Sensitivity = 90–96.9% Specificity = 54.5–90% |
Hanai Y. 2012 [29] | 40 | 20 | GC-TOF MS | 2-pentanone | Sensitivity = 85–95% Specificity = 70–100% |
Anton A.P. 2016 [30] | 20 | 6 | HS-PTV-MS | 2-Butanone 2-Pentanone Pyrrole 2-Heptanone 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | Sensitivity = 40–100% Specificity = 100% |
Study | Population | Lung Cancer Patients (n) | Metabolites | Method/Device | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Takahashi Y., 2015 [31] | 171 | 171 | N1,N12-diacetylspermine | Colloid gold aggregation procedure | Sensitivity: 69.4% Specificity: 57.4% Accuracy: 60.8% |
Takahashi Y., 2015 [32] | 499 | 260 | Diacetylspermine | Colloidal gold aggregation procedure | Sensitivity: 62.2% Specificity: 71.7% |
Mazzone P.J., 2015 [33] | 145 | 90 | Volatile organic compounds analysis | Colorimetric sensor array | Sensitivity: 81.4% Specificity: 60.0% |
Gào X., 2019 [34] | 980 | 245 | NO metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) 8-isoprostane | ELISA | |
Gào X., 2018 [35] | 866 | 207 | 8-isoprostane | ELISA | Accuracy: 62.4% |
Zhang W., 2020 [36] | 309 | 112 | Ferritin light chain, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Interacting Protein 1 Like, Fibrinogen Beta Chain, Member RAS Oncogene Family RAB33B and RAB15 | ELISA | Accuracy: 82.0–94.7% |
Xia X., 2016 [37] | 65 | 45 | Midkine | ELISA | Sensitivity: 71.2% Specificity: 88.1% |
Wang W., 2020 [36] | 51 | 31 | Kininogen 1 Osteopontin α-1-antitrypsin | ELISA | Sensitivity: 85–100% Specificity: 53–65% |
Liu B., 2020 [38] | 101 | 74 | Gene: CDO1, TAC1, HOXA, SOX17 | Methylation on beads and real-time PCR | Sensitivity: 93% Specificity: 30% |
Nolen B.M., 2015 [39] | 234 | 83 | Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist a, Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 | Multiplexed bead-based immunoassays | Sensitivity: 72% Specificity: 100% Accuracy: 71–83% |
Wu Z., 2019 [40] | 50 | 50 | Cell-free DNA | Next-generation sequencing platform | Accuracy: 69% |
Kawamoto H., 2019 [41] | 178 | 54 | Prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite | Radioimmunoassay | Sensitivity: 67.7% Specificity: 70.4% |
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Gasparri, R.; Sedda, G.; Caminiti, V.; Maisonneuve, P.; Prisciandaro, E.; Spaggiari, L. Urinary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081723
Gasparri R, Sedda G, Caminiti V, Maisonneuve P, Prisciandaro E, Spaggiari L. Urinary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(8):1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081723
Chicago/Turabian StyleGasparri, Roberto, Giulia Sedda, Valentina Caminiti, Patrick Maisonneuve, Elena Prisciandaro, and Lorenzo Spaggiari. 2021. "Urinary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8: 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081723