CBCT Assessment of Gubernacular Canals on Permanent Tooth Eruption in Down’s Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Ethics Aspects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Imaging Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics
3.2. Clinical Oral Manifestations and Parafunctional Oral Habits
3.3. Dental Prevalence and Teeth Eruption Disturbances
3.4. Gubernacular Canal CBCT Detection
3.5. Distribution Eruption Disturbances and Pathological Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Total n = 31 (100%) | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 16 (51.6%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n = 15 (48.4%) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Female | 14 (45.1%) | 9 (56.2%) | 5 (33.4%) | 0.3561 |
Male | 17 (54.9%) | 7 (43.8%) | 10 (66.6%) | |
Ethnicity † | ||||
White | 16 (51.6%) | 6 (37.5%) | 10 (66.6%) | 0.2724 |
Black | 5 (16.1%) | 3 (18.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | |
Mixed | 8 (25.8%) | 5 (31.2%) | 3 (20.1%) | |
Indigenous | 2 (6.4%) | 2 (12.6%) | - | |
Age (years) | ||||
10–12 | 17 (54.8%) | 12 (75%) | 5 (33.4%) | 0.0209 |
13–15 | 14 (45.2%) | 4 (25%) | 10 (66.6%) | |
Source | ||||
Belém | 15 (48.3%) | 8 (50%) | 7 (46.6%) | 0.1634 |
Ananindeua | 8 (25.8%) | 2 (12.5%) | 6 (40%) | |
Marituba | 4 (13.1%) | 2 (12.5%) | 2 (13.4%) | |
Santa Bárbara | 2 (6.4%) | 2 (12.5%) | - | |
Benevides | 2 (6.4%) | 2 (12.5%) | - | |
Type of education | ||||
Private school | 21 (67.7%) | 10 (62.5%) | 11 (73.3%) | 0.7944 |
Public school | 10 (32.3%) | 6 (37.5%) | 4 (26.7%) | |
Blood disorders | ||||
Yes | 13 (42%) | 6 (37.5%) | 7 (46.6%) | 0.8786 |
No | 18 (58%) | 10 (62.5%) | 8 (53.4%) | |
Hearing impairment | ||||
Yes | 14 (45.1%) | 4 (25%) | 10 (66.6%) | 0.0209 |
No | 17 (54.9%) | 12 (75%) | 5 (33.4%) | |
Visual impairment | ||||
Yes | 23 (75%) | 11 (68.7%) | 12 (80%) | 0.7603 |
No | 8 (25%) | 5 (31.3%) | 3 (20%) | |
Cardiovascular disorders | ||||
Yes | 25 (83.3%) | 11 (68.7%) | 14 (93.3%) | 0.1926 |
No | 6 (16.7%) | 5 (31.3%) | 1 (6.7%) | |
Endocrine disorders | ||||
Yes | 8 (29.2%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (26.6%) | 0.677 |
No | 23 (70.8%) | 12 (75%) | 11 (73.4%) |
Parameters | Total n = 31 (100%) | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 16 (51.6%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n= 15 (48.4%) | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parafunctional habits | 0.2971 | |||
Digit sucking | 4 (13%) | 3 (75%) | 1 (25%) | |
Tongue thrusting | 3 (9.6%) | - | 3 (100%) | |
Bruxism | 13 (42%) | 6 (46.2%) | 7 (53.8%) | |
Mouth breathing | 8 (25.8%) | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | |
Nail biting | 0 (0%) | - | - | |
Obstructive sleep apnea | 3 (9.6%) | 1 (33.4%) | 2 (66.6%) | |
Oral manifestations † | 0.1581 | |||
Dental caries | 5 (7.1%) | 4 (80%) | 1 (20%) | |
Periodontal disease | 13 (18.5%) | 3 (23%) | 10 (77%) | |
Malocclusion | 9 (12.8%) | 3 (33.4%) | 6 (66.6%) | |
Maxillary atresia | 10 (14.2%) | 2 (20%) | 8 (80%) | |
Drooling | 7 (10%) | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7%) | |
Fissured tongue | 4 (6.1%) | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) | |
Macroglossia | 5 (7.1%) | - | 5 (100%) | |
Hypodontia or missing teeth * | 17 (24.2%) | 6 (35.3%) | 11 (64.7%) |
Parameters | Total Permanent Teeth n = 618 (100%) | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 351 (56.8%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n = 267 (43.2%) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maxillary central incisor | 85 (13.7%) | 40 (47%) | 45 (53%) | <0.0001 |
Normal | 52 (61.7%) | 32 (80%) | 20 (44.4%) | |
Impacted | 22 (25.8%) | 2 (5%) | 20 (44.4%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 11 (12.5%) | 6 (15%) | 5 (11.2%) | |
Maxillary lateral incisor | 63 (10.2%) | 31 (49.2%) | 32 (50.8%) | 0.2212 |
Normal | 19 (30.1%) | 8 (25.9%) | 11 (34.3%) | |
Impacted | 26 (41.2%) | 11 (35.4%) | 15 (46.8%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 18 (28.7%) | 12 (38.7%) | 6 (18.9%) | |
Maxillary canine | 55 (8.9%) | 29 (52.7%) | 26 (47.3%) | 0.6975 |
Normal | 11 (20%) | 6 (20.6%) | 5 (19.2%) | |
Impacted | 28 (50.9%) | 16 (55.1%) | 12 (46.1%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 16 (29.1%) | 7 (24.3%) | 9 (34.7%) | |
Maxillary 1st premolar | 21 (3.4%) | 11 (52.4%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.0002 |
Normal | 9 (42.8%) | 9 (81.8%) | - | |
Impacted | 8 (38.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 7 (70%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 4 (19.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 3 (30%) | |
Maxillary 2nd premolar | 17 (2.7%) | 11 (64.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | 0.0006 |
Normal | 10 (58.8%) | 10 (90%) | - | |
Impacted | 4 (23.5%) | 1 (10%) | 3 (50%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 3 (17.7%) | - | 3 (50%) | |
Maxillary 1st molar | 54 (10.8%) | 22 (40.8%) | 32 (59.2%) | 0.0443 |
Normal | 29 (53.7%) | 10 (45.4%) | 19 (59.3%) | |
Impacted | 15 (27.7%) | 10 (45.4%) | 5 (15.7%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 10 (18.6%) | 2 (9.2%) | 8 (25%) | |
Maxillary 2nd molar | 25 (4%) | 12 (48%) | 13 (52%) | 0.9748 |
Normal | 14 (56%) | 7 (58.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | |
Impacted | - | - | - | |
Delayed/unerupted | 11 (44%) | 5 (41.7%) | 6 (46.2%) | |
Mandibular central incisor | 70 (11.3%) | 33 (47.1%) | 37 (52.9%) | <0.0001 |
Normal | 31 (44.2%) | 25 (75.7%) | 6 (16.2%) | |
Impacted | 34 (48.5%) | 5 (15.1%) | 29 (78.3%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 5 (7.3%) | 3 (9.2%) | 2 (5.5%) | |
Mandibular lateral incisor | 51 (8.2%) | 20 (39.3%) | 31 (60.7%) | 0.0826 |
Normal | 18 (35.3%) | 13 (65%) | 5 (16.1%) | |
Impacted | 24 (47%) | 6 (30%) | 18 (58%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 9 (17.7%) | 1 (5%) | 8 (25.9%) | |
Mandibular canine | 49 (7.9%) | 26 (53%) | 23 (47%) | <0.0001 |
Normal | 21 (42.8%) | 16 (61.5%) | 5 (21.7%) | |
Impacted | 16 (32.6%) | 1 (3.9%) | 15 (65.2%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 12 (24.6%) | 9 (34.6%) | 3 (13.1%) | |
Mandibular 1st premolar | 18 (2.9%) | 13 (72.2%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.0053 |
Normal | 6 (33.3%) | 3 (23%) | 3 (60%) | |
Impacted | 2 (11.1%) | - | 2 (40%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 10 (55.6%) | 10 (77%) | - | |
Mandibular 2nd premolar | 23 (3.7%) | 12 (52.1%) | 11 (47.9%) | <0.0001 |
Normal | 13 (56.5%) | 12 (100%) | 1 (9.2%) | |
Impacted | 4 (17.4%) | - | 4 (36.3%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 6 (26.1%) | - | 6 (54.5%) | |
Mandibular 1st molar | 54 (8.7%) | 29 (53.7%) | 25 (46.3%) | 0.1615 |
Normal | 27 (50%) | 17 (58.6%) | 10 (40%) | |
Impacted | 13 (24%) | 4 (13.9%) | 9 (36%) | |
Delayed/unerupted | 14 (26%) | 8 (27.5%) | 6 (24%) | |
Mandibular 2nd molar | 33 (3.6%) | 21 (63.6%) | 12 (36.4%) | 0.0042 |
Normal | 20 (60.6%) | 13 (61.9%) | 7 (58.3%) | |
Impacted | 7 (21.2%) | 7 (33.3%) | - | |
Delayed/unerupted | 6 (18.2%) | 1 (4.8%) | 5 (41.7%) |
Parameters | Total n = 475 (100%) | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 295 (62.1%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n = 180 (37.9%) | p-Value ** | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detection Rates | |||||
Maxillary central incisor | 70 †/85 * (82.3%) | 38 †/40 ‡ (95%) | 32 †/45 ‡ (71.1%) | 0.0264 | 5.7778 |
Maxillary lateral incisor | 51 †/63 * (81%) | 30 †/31 ‡ (96.7%) | 21 †/32 ‡ (65.6%) | 0.0276 | 10.6563 |
Maxillary canine | 33 †/55 * (60%) | 28 †/29 ‡ (96.5%) | 5 †/26 ‡ (19.2%) | 0.0018 | 26.7692 |
Maxillary 1st premolar | 12 †/21 * (57.1%) | 11 †/11 ‡ (100%) | 1 †/10 ‡ (10%) | 0.0448 | 20.8095 |
Maxillary 2nd premolar | 13 †/17 * (76.4%) | 11 †/11 ‡ (100%) | 2 †/6 ‡ (33.3%) | - | - |
Maxillary 1st molar | 43 †/54 * (79.6%) | 18 †/22 ‡ (81.8%) | 25/32 ‡ (78.1%) | - | - |
Maxillary 2nd molar | 20 †/25 * (80%) | 10 †/12 ‡ (83.3%) | 10/13 ‡ (76.9%) | 0.7441 | 1.3846 |
Mandibular central incisor | 62 †/70 * (88.5%) | 33 †/33 ‡ (100%) | 29/37 ‡ (78.3%) | 0.0336 | 22.3333 |
Mandibular lateral incisor | 43 †/51 * (84.3%) | 20 †/20 ‡ (100%) | 23/31 ‡ (74.2%) | 0.1050 | 11.0635 |
Mandibular canine | 30 †/49 * (61.2%) | 26 †/26 ‡ (100%) | 4/23 ‡ (13.4%) | 0.0096 | 43.9787 |
Mandibular 1st premolar | 14 †/18 * (77.7%) | 13 †/13 ‡ (100%) | 1/5 ‡ (20%) | 0.0493 | 22.0909 |
Mandibular 2nd premolar | 12 †/23 * (52.1%) | 12 †/12 ‡ (100%) | - | - | - |
Mandibular 1st molar | 47 †/54 * (87%) | 26 †/29 ‡ (89.6%) | 21/25 ‡ (84%) | 0.5908 | 1.5467 |
Mandibular 2nd molar | 25 †/33 * (75.7%) | 19 †/21 ‡ (90.4%) | 6/12 ‡ (50%) | 0.0634 | 5.2500 |
Parameters | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 295 (62.1%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n = 180 (37.9%) | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC Detected | GC Not Detected | GC Detected | GC Not Detected | ||
Teeth formation status | |||||
Normal | 120 (40.6%) | 30 (53.5%) | 80 (44.4%) | 50 (57.4%) | 0.0010 |
Crown formation | 48 (40%) | 20 (66.6%) | 67 (83.7%) | 40 (80%) | 0.3558 |
Root formation | 72 (60%) | 10 (33.4%) | 13 (16.3%) | 10 (20%) | 0.0039 |
Opened root apex | 25 (34.8%) | 2 (20%) | 5 (38.5%) | 5 (50%) | 0.0193 |
Closed root apex | 47 (65.2%) | 8 (80%) | 8 (61.5%) | 5 (50%) | 0.1353 |
Impacted | 108 (36.6%) | 20 (35.7%) | 59 (32.7%) | 16 (18.4%) | 0.4060 |
Crown formation | 68 (62.9%) | 12 (60%) | 36 (61%) | 10 (62.5%) | 0.9838 |
Root formation | 40 (37.1%) | 8 (40%) | 23 (39%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0.8910 |
Opened root apex | 15 (37.5%) | 4 (50%) | 9 (39.2%) | 2 (33.4%) | 0.7777 |
Closed root apex | 25 (62.5%) | 4 (50%) | 14 (60.8%) | 4 (66.6%) | 0.7293 |
Delayed/unerupted | 67 (22.8%) | 6 (10.8%) | 41 (22.9%) | 21 (24.2%) | 0.0004 |
Crown formation | - | - | - | - | - |
Root formation | 67 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 41 (100%) | 21 (100%) | 0.0004 |
Opened root apex | 23 (34.4%) | 1 (16.7%) | 16 (39%) | 7 (33.4%) | 0.0387 |
Closed root apex | 44 (65.6%) | 5 (83.3%) | 25 (61%) | 14 (66.6%) | 0.0078 |
Teeth angulation status | |||||
Normal | 120 (40.6%) | 30 (53.5%) | 80 (44.4%) | 50 (57.4%) | 0.0010 |
Normal | 78 (65%) | 20 (66.6%) | 57 (71.2%) | 25 (50%) | 0.1674 |
Angulated | 30 (25%) | 8 (26.6%) | 18 (22.5%) | 19 (38%) | 0.1674 |
Horizontal | 12 (10%) | 2 (6.8%) | 5 (6.3%) | 6 (12%) | 0.0856 |
Inverted | - | - | - | - | - |
Impacted | 108 (36.6%) | 20 (35.7%) | 59 (32.7%) | 16 (18.4%) | 0.4060 |
Normal | 65 (60.2%) | 10 (50%) | 28 (47.4%) | 9 (56.2%) | 0.2427 |
Angulated | 30 (27.7%) | 5 (25%) | 17 (28.8%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0.4396 |
Horizontal | 10 (9.2%) | 5 (25%) | 13 (22%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0.1911 |
Inverted | 3 (2.9%) | - | 1 (1.8%) | - | - |
Delayed/unerupted | 67 (22.8%) | 6 (10.8%) | 41 (22.9%) | 21 (24.2%) | 0.0004 |
Normal | 39 (58.2%) | 4 (66.6%) | 25 (61%) | 15 (71.4%) | 0.0045 |
Angulated | 22 (32.8%) | 1 (16.7%) | 13 (31.7%) | 5 (23.8%) | 0.0941 |
Horizontal | 6 (9%) | 1 (16.7%) | 3 (7.3%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0.7055 |
Inverted | - | - | - | - | - |
Parameters | Total n = 338 (100%) | G1: Nonsyndromic n = 129 (38.1%) | G2: Down’s Syndrome n = 209 (61.9%) | p-Value * | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eruption disturbances | 213 (63%) | 94 (72.8%) | 119 (57%) | 0.0035 | 0.4923 |
Maxillary or mandibular atresia | 55 (25.8%) | 16 (17%) | 39 (32.7%) | 0.0102 | 2.3766 |
Teeth ankyloses | 42 (19.7%) | 22 (23.4%) | 20 (16.8%) | 0.4100 | 1.2893 |
Teeth ectopic position | 28 (13.1%) | 13 (13.8%) | 15 (12.6%) | 0.0210 | 2.1750 |
Teeth migration | 39 (18.3%) | 17 (18%) | 22 (18.4%) | 0.9399 | 1.0273 |
Root dilaceration | 21 (9.8%) | 6 (6.4%) | 15 (12.6%) | 0.1374 | 2.1154 |
Third molar angulation | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.3%) | - | 0.4122 | 0.2608 |
Adjacent root resorption | 15 (7%) | 7 (7.4%) | 8 (6.9%) | 0.8376 | 0.8958 |
Follicle space widening | 12 (5.6%) | 12 (12.7%) | - | 0.0133 | 0.0276 |
Pathological conditions | 125 (37%) | 35 (27.2%) | 90 (43%) | 0.0035 | 2.0312 |
Cystic lesions | 11 (8.8%) | 3 (8.5%) | 8 (8.8%) | 0.9551 | 1.0407 |
Odontogenic fibroma | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (5.9%) | - | 0.0957 | 0.0740 |
Supernumerary teeth | 40 (32%) | 10 (28.5%) | 30 (35.5%) | 0.6087 | 1.2500 |
Odontoma † | 72 (57.6%) | 20 (57.1%) | 52 (55.7%) | 0.9486 | 1.0263 |
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Gomes, C.E.V.d.S.; Conceição, A.M.F.; Júnior, S.d.M.A.; Fonseca, R.R.d.S.; Laurentino, R.V.; Machado, L.F.A. CBCT Assessment of Gubernacular Canals on Permanent Tooth Eruption in Down’s Syndrome. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103420
Gomes CEVdS, Conceição AMF, Júnior SdMA, Fonseca RRdS, Laurentino RV, Machado LFA. CBCT Assessment of Gubernacular Canals on Permanent Tooth Eruption in Down’s Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(10):3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103420
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomes, Carlos Eduardo Vieira da Silva, Athus Michel Flexa Conceição, Sérgio de Melo Alves Júnior, Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca, Rogério Valois Laurentino, and Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado. 2023. "CBCT Assessment of Gubernacular Canals on Permanent Tooth Eruption in Down’s Syndrome" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 10: 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103420