Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Psychological Aspect of Obesity and the Influence of Cortisol
3. Male Obesity Overview
4. Pathogenetic Factors of Obesity
5. Clinical Consequences of Male Obesity
5.1. Obesity, Hypogonadism and Infertility in Men with Obesity
5.2. Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disorders
5.3. Cancer
5.4. Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)
6. Obesity Treatment
6.1. Diet and Lifestyle Interventions
6.2. Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
6.3. Bariatric Surgery
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Mechanism of Action | Dosage | Average Weight Loss | Side Effects | Additional Benefits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orlistat | Pancreatic and gastric lipase inhibitor | 120 mg three times daily with meals | Around 5–10% of initial body weight | Gastrointestinal side effects (diarrhea, bloating flatulence) | Improves lipid profile; low risk of systemic side effects |
Phentermine /Topiramate | Combination of sympathomimetic amine, anorectic and antiepileptic drug | Varies based on titration schedule | Around 5–10% of initial body weight | Dyspepsia, insomnia, constipation, dry mouth, transient peripheral neuropathy | Improves glycemic control; reduces blood pressure |
Bupropion /Naltrexone | Combination of antidepressant and an opiod receptor antagonist, affecting appetite and reward pathways in hypothalamus | Gradual titration to target dose (varies, maximal daily dose bupropion 360 mg/32 mg naltroxone) | Around 5–10% of initial body weight | Nausea, headache, constipation, insomnia, dry mouth | May improve mood and emotional eating behaviors |
Liraglutide | GLP-1 receptor agonist | Once daily sc. injection, 3.0 mg | Around 5–10% of initial body weight | Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, constipation | Improves glycemic control; reduces cardiovascular risk |
Semaglutide | GLP-1 receptor agonist | 2.4 mg once weekly s.c. | Around 15–20% of initial body weight | Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, constipation | Improves glycemic control; reduces cardiovascular risk |
Tirzepatide | Dual GIP/GLP-1/receptor agonist | Once-weekly s.c injection, 15 mg | Around 13–20% of initial body weight | Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, constipation | Improves glycemic control; cardiovascular risk under investigation |
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Lenart-Lipińska, M.; Łuniewski, M.; Szydełko, J.; Matyjaszek-Matuszek, B. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5354. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165354
Lenart-Lipińska M, Łuniewski M, Szydełko J, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(16):5354. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165354
Chicago/Turabian StyleLenart-Lipińska, Monika, Michał Łuniewski, Joanna Szydełko, and Beata Matyjaszek-Matuszek. 2023. "Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Male Obesity" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 16: 5354. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165354