Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Central Sensitization Related to Shoulder Osteoarthritis and Rotator Cuff Tears Using the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shoulder Surgery Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Evaluation of Central Sensitization
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Incidence and Severity of Central Sensitization
3.3. Association of Central Sensitization with Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis and Rotator Cuff Tears
3.4. Factors Associated with Central Sensitization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Patients (n = 167) | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 70.0 [63.0–75.0] |
Sex—Male, n (%) | 84 (50.3) |
Sex—Female, n (%) | 83 (49.7) |
Affected side—Right, n (%) | 102 (61.1) |
Affected side—Left, n (%) | 65 (38.9) |
CSI | 18.0 [10.0–32.0] |
CSI < 40, n (%) | 146 (87.4) |
CSI ≥ 40, n (%) | 21 (12.6) |
Pain VAS (mm) | 35.0 [11.0–64.0] |
Pain duration (year) | 0.5 [0.3–1.2] |
Active flexion (degrees) | 125.0 [80.0–150.0] |
Active abduction (degrees) | 100.0 [60.0–152.5] |
Active external rotation (degrees) | 35.0 [20.0–52.5] |
Active internal rotation (Points, based on Constant score) | 6.0 [4.0–8.0] |
Rotator cuff tear without osteoarthritis of GH joint, n (%) | 131 (78.4) |
Osteoarthritis of GH joint with rotator cuff tear, n (%) | 23 (13.8) |
Osteoarthritis of GH joint without rotator cuff tear, n (%) | 13 (7.8) |
History of trauma, n (%) | 40 (24.0) |
History of shoulder surgery | 20 (12.0) |
CSI Score | n (%) |
---|---|
Subclinical (0–29) | 120 (71.6) |
Mild (30–39) | 26 (15.6) |
Moderate (40–49) | 14 (8.4) |
Severe (50–59) | 5 (3.9) |
Extreme (60–100) | 2 (1.2) |
OA Patients (with RCT and without RCT) (n = 36) | Non-OA Patients (with RCT) (n = 131) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
CSI | 27.5 [10.8–40.5] | 18.0 [10.0–27.5] | 0.043 * |
CSI ≥ 40, n (%) | 10 (27.8) | 11 (8.4) | 0.004 * |
Age (years) | 74.5 [68.8–79.0] | 69.0 [60.5–74.0] | 0.001 * |
Sex—Male/Female, n | 15/21 | 69/62 | 0.26 |
Affected side— Right/Left, n | 25/11 | 77/54 | 0.34 |
Pain VAS (mm) | 32.5 [9.8–63.5] | 74.5 [13.0–62.5] | 0.52 |
Pain duration (year) | 0.7 [0.3–2.0] | 0.5 [0.3–1.0] | 0.24 |
OA Patients with RCT (n = 23) | OA Patients without RCT (n = 13) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
CSI | 25.7 ± 16.9 | 31.2 ± 21.5 | 0.41 |
CSI ≥ 40, n (%) | 6 (26.1) | 4 (30.8) | 1.0 |
Age (years) | 69.0 [68.0–71.0] | 76.0 [73.5–79.0] | 0.007 * |
Sex—Male/Female, n | 10/13 | 5/8 | 1.0 |
Affected side— Right/Left, n | 16/7 | 9/4 | 1.0 |
Pain VAS (mm) | 25.0 [9.5–59.0] | 40.0 [10.0–70.0] | 0.79 |
Pain duration (year) | 1.0 [0.2–2.3] | 0.6 [0.4–1.3] | 0.54 |
Partial-Thickness Tear (n = 19) | S and M Size Tear (n = 60) | L and Ma Size Tear (n = 52) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CSI | 25.1 ± 13.5 | 18.4 ± 11.2 | 19.7 ± 13.6 | 0.12 |
CSI ≥ 40, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (3.3) | 5 (9.6) | 0.038 * |
Age (years) | 62.0 [58.5–65.5] | 67.5 [55.8–73.0] | 72.5 [68.0–77.0] | <0.001 * |
Sex— Male/Female, n | 10/9 | 30/30 | 29/23 | 0.83 |
Affected side— Right/Left, n | 9/10 | 39/21 | 29/23 | 0.34 |
Pain VAS (mm) | 40.0 [26.0–71.5] | 35.0 [14.3–59.3] | 35.5 [10.8–61.3] | 0.61 |
Pain duration (year) | 0.4 [0.3–0.8] | 0.6 [0.3–1.0] | 0.4 [0.3–1.0] | 0.64 |
Post hoc test (Bonferroni) regarding CSI ≥ 40 | ||||
Partial-thickness tear and S and M size tear | Partial-thickness tear and L and Ma size tear | S and M size tear and L and Ma size tear | ||
0.080 | 0.71 | 0.74 | ||
Post hoc test (Steel-Dwass test) regarding age | ||||
Partial-thickness tear and S and M size tear | Partial-thickness tear and L and Ma size tear | S and M size tear and L and Ma size tear | ||
0.21 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Risk Factor | Coefficients (95% CI) | SE | T-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.11 (−0.10–0.32) | 0.11 | 1.0 | 0.31 |
Sex—Female | 5.6 (1.6–9.6) | 2.0 | 2.7 | 0.007 * |
Pain VAS (mm) | 0.14 (0.066–0.22) | 0.038 | 3.7 | <0.001 * |
Pain duration (year) | 0.90 (0.019–1.8) | 0.45 | 2.0 | 0.045 * |
Active flexion (degrees) | −0.048 (−0.13–0.004) | 0.033 | −1.9 | 0.065 |
Active external rotation (degrees) | −0.046 (−0.15–0.059) | 0.053 | −0.87 | 0.39 |
Active internal rotation (Points, based on Constant score) | 0.33 (−0.67–1.3) | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.52 |
Rotator cuff tear | −1.4 (−11–8.7) | 5.1 | −0.27 | 0.79 |
Osteoarthritis of GH joint | 1.5 (−5.2–8.2) | 3.8 | 0.45 | 0.65 |
History of trauma | −2.2 (−7.0–2.5) | 2.4 | −0.93 | 0.35 |
History of shoulder surgery | −3.3 (−11–4.7) | 4.0 | −0.82 | 0.41 |
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Iio, R.; Manaka, T.; Nakazawa, K.; Hirakawa, Y.; Ito, Y.; Ogura, A.; Nakamura, H. Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Central Sensitization Related to Shoulder Osteoarthritis and Rotator Cuff Tears Using the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shoulder Surgery Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175633
Iio R, Manaka T, Nakazawa K, Hirakawa Y, Ito Y, Ogura A, Nakamura H. Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Central Sensitization Related to Shoulder Osteoarthritis and Rotator Cuff Tears Using the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shoulder Surgery Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(17):5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175633
Chicago/Turabian StyleIio, Ryosuke, Tomoya Manaka, Katsumasa Nakazawa, Yoshihiro Hirakawa, Yoichi Ito, Ayako Ogura, and Hiroaki Nakamura. 2023. "Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Central Sensitization Related to Shoulder Osteoarthritis and Rotator Cuff Tears Using the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shoulder Surgery Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 17: 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175633