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Article

Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Diverticular Disease Undergoing Elective Colectomy—A Retrospective Cohort Study from the ACS-NSQIP Database

by
Wan-Hsiang Hu
1,2,3,4,
Samuel Eisenstein
3,
Lisa Parry
3 and
Sonia Ramamoorthy
3,4,*
1
Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
2
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 333, Taiwan
3
Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
4
Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7338; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237338
Submission received: 7 October 2023 / Revised: 11 November 2023 / Accepted: 22 November 2023 / Published: 27 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Colorectal and Rectal Surgery)
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Abstract

:
Recommendations for elective colectomies after recovery from uncomplicated acute diverticulitis should be individualized. The kinds of associated risk factors that should be considered for this approach remain undetermined. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative outcomes in patients with diverticular disease after receiving an elective colectomy. This is a retrospective study using the multi-institutional, nationally validated database of the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). The patients who were diagnosed with diverticular disease and received an elective colectomy were included in our risk factor analyses. Postoperative mortality, morbidity, and overall complications were measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to demonstrate the risk factors. We analyzed 30,468 patients with diverticular disease, 67% of whom received an elective colectomy. The rate of 30-day mortality was 0.2%, and superficial surgical site infection was the most common postoperative morbidity (7.2%) in the elective colectomies. The independent risk factors associated with overall complications were age ≥ 75, BMI ≥ 30, smoking status, dyspnea, hypertension, current kidney dialysis, chronic steroid use, ASA III, and open colectomy. In laparoscopic colectomy, 67.5% of the elective colectomies, the associated risk factors associated with overall complications still included age ≥ 75, smoking, hypertension, chronic steroid use, and ASA III. Identification of patient-specific risk factors may inform the decision-making process for elective colectomy and reduce the postoperative complications after mitigation of those risk factors.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the United States’ population, diverticular disease accounts for close to 300,000 hospital admissions and 1.5 million days of inpatient care annually [1]. The rate of admission for acute diverticulitis increased by 26% from 1998 to 2005 [2]. The estimated cost of treatment is over 2.6 billion per year [3]. Although most of the patients with acute diverticulitis respond to nonoperative treatment, 10–30% require urgent colectomy [4,5], which is accompanied by a high rate of subsequent colostomy or postoperative mortality [6,7].
Prophylactic colectomy was initially recommended for patients after attacks of acute diverticulitis to prevent recurrence and decrease the rate of colostomies [8,9]. Studies of trends in diverticulitis management in the United States show that use of elective colectomy has increased [2,10], and this trend was associated with a wider use of the laparoscopic approach. More recent studies, however, have caused the medical community to reconsider this policy. After elective colectomy, 25% of patients with diverticulitis still had ongoing symptoms [11]. For the majority of patients with complicated diverticulitis who sought an elective colectomy after their first episode, mortality rates were reduced [12]. An elective colectomy after the fourth episode was associated with lower healthcare costs and mortality rates [6]. The recurrence rate of diverticulitis following an elective colectomy was 2.6% to 10% [13,14]. The recommendation of an elective colectomy after uncomplicated diverticulitis has been modified so that this decision is made on an individualized, case-by-case basis [15,16]. Risk factors associated with development of diverticular disease, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic liver disease, have been reported [17,18,19]. However, the literature discussing the preoperative risk factors associated with the outcomes of elective colectomy for diverticular disease is scarce [20].
The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database collects preoperative comorbidity and postoperative mortality and morbidity data from patients who received surgery in the hospitals of the United States and Canada. The purpose of this study was to use this large database to demonstrate the risk factors which were associated with the postoperative outcomes of elective colectomies for patients with diverticular disease.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design and Population

The database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) from 2009 to 2013 was used in this study. Patients with diverticular disease were selected according to the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes (Supplementary Materials). Open and laparoscopic colectomies were identified with the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes (Supplementary Materials), and recorded as principal operative procedure, other procedure, or concurrent procedure. Elective colectomy patients were selected according to exclusion criteria, which included emergent operation, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class IV and V, dirty wound class, dyspnea at rest, total dependence of functional healthy status, colorectal cancer, preoperative systemic sepsis, and ventilator dependence. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram of the patient selection process.

2.2. Postoperative Outcomes

Postoperative outcomes included postoperative morbidities, 30-day mortality, and overall complication. The analyzed postoperative morbidities were surgical site infection (superficial, deep and organ), urinary tract infection, wound disruption, pneumonia, re-intubation, ventilator use for more than 48 h, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, progressive renal insufficiency, acuter renal failure, stroke, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, myocardial infarction, blood transfusion, sepsis, septic shock, and return to operating room. The Accordion Severity Grading System was used to grade and weight the complications, mortality, and morbidities [21,22]. An overall complication score was calculated for each patient as the sum of the weighted scores of the complications that occurred in the patient.

2.3. Statistical Analyses

The Chi-squared test was used for univariate associations between groups and categorical variables. Univariate regression analyses were computed for continuous dependent variables, including overall complication and length of total hospital stay. Multiple regression analyses were used to demonstrate the associations between postoperative outcomes and adjusted for significant preoperative risk factors. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 22, IBM, Armonk, NY USA.

3. Results

Of the 30,468 patients who were diagnosed with diverticular disease, 20,496 (67%) had an elective and 9972 (33%) had a non-elective colectomy. Table 1 shows the significant differences in their clinical demographics including age, race, gender, BMI, and other comorbidities. Patients who underwent elective colectomies were younger and had less medical comorbidity. The percentage of white patients in the elective colectomy group (86.2%) was higher than those in the non-elective colectomy group (82.4%), and the opposite was significant in patients of other races. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was more prevalent in the elective colectomy group.
The rate of 30-day mortality was 0.2% in the elective colectomy group (Table 2). Following the colectomy for diverticulitis, 18.7% of the elective colectomy group experienced at least one post-operative morbidity. Superficial surgical site infection was the most common postoperative morbidity (7.2%).
Univariate analyses of the risk factors associated with overall complications in elective colectomy are displayed in Table 3. Gender, ascites, and acute renal failure were not significantly associated with overall complication. After adjustment of the multiple regression analyses, the risk factors associated with overall complications included age ≥ 75, obesity, smoking, dyspnea, hypertension, dialysis, chronic steroid use, ASA III, and open colectomy (Table 3).
The average rate of the use of the laparoscopic approach in elective colectomy was 67.5% and this increased annually. There were significantly fewer overall complications, and a shorter length of total hospital stays in the laparoscopic group compared with the open procedure group (p < 0.001) (Table 4). Multiple regression analyses of the risk factors in laparoscopic colectomy patients demonstrated that age ≥ 75, smoking, hypertension, chronic steroid use, and ASA III were still significant risk factors for overall complications (Table 5).

4. Discussion

Using the large, nationally validated, and multi-institutional database of the ACS-NSQIP, we analyzed the postoperative outcomes and the associated risk factors in patients with diverticular disease receiving an elective colectomy, including via laparoscopy. In addition to the number of diverticulitis episodes, the pre-operative assessment of individual risk factors may be used as additional criteria to determine which patients with diverticular disease would not be suitable for an elective colectomy.
Although obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was previously not considered a significant risk factor for postoperative complications in general elective surgery [23] and major intra-abdominal cancer surgery [24], other studies have shown that obesity is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in laparoscopic colectomies [25] and proctectomies [26]. In our study, obesity was significantly associated with overall complications during elective colectomy. Weight loss before an elective colectomy for diverticular disease is recommended to prevent postoperative complications in this high-risk population.
Preoperative smoking status is associated with postoperative complications in many kinds of surgical procedures [27,28]. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidities [29]. Randomized trials have demonstrated that preoperative smoking cessation effectively reduces the postoperative complications following an elective hip or knee alloplasty [30], primary hernia repair, and laparoscopic cholecystectomies [31]. Systematic reviews concluded that postoperative morbidity was lower after intensive smoking cessation [32]. For colorectal surgery, previous trials showed that smoking cessation did not affect postoperative complications [33]. However, the study design featured a shorter period of intervention (2–3 weeks) and most of the patients included in this study had malignant neoplasm. Our study showed that smoking is an independent risk factor associated with postoperative complication in elective colectomy and in the laparoscopic subgroup for diverticular disease. More smoking cessation programs would decrease healthcare costs and postoperative complication rates [34].
Due to the high risk of perforation in recurrent diverticulitis, the immunocompromised patients undergoing steroid treatment or patients with chronic renal failure may benefit from an early elective resection after conservative treatments for diverticulitis [12,35]. However, a study of immunosuppressed patients with diverticulitis showed that they had higher mortality rates than non-immunosuppressed patients only during their first episode with a higher need for emergent operation. After the success of medical therapy for acute diverticulitis, the immunosuppressed patients were not good candidates for elective colectomy because the risk of recurrence and possibilities of further emergent surgery are similar to that of the patients without immunosuppression [35]. Compared with immunocompetent patients, immunosuppressed patients were at higher risk for major morbidities and wound dehiscence [36]. In our analyses, the patients undergoing chronic steroid treatment or dialysis also had more postoperative complications after elective colectomy. Elective colectomy in immunocompromised patients with diverticular disease should be given careful consideration [37].
A laparoscopic surgical approach for elective colectomy improved postoperative outcomes [38] and has been associated with lower 30-day morbidity compared with an open colectomy [39]. But there are still many risk factors associated with complications after laparoscopic procedures [40]. A study of 526 patients who underwent laparoscopic colectomy for recurrent diverticulitis showed postoperative complications were associated with some risk factors including age ≥ 75, previous myocardial infarction and heart failure [41]. We have also demonstrated more independent preoperative risk factors, which should be recognized and considered by the surgeon to avoid as many complications as possible.
Compared with white patients, in our study, patients of other races had higher rates of non-elective colectomy for diverticular disease. Schneider et al. reported a similar conclusion of differential association of race with treatment in Medicare patients undergoing diverticulitis surgery [42]. Black patients received urgent or emergency surgery more often than white patients did. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of health insurance were thought to be powerful predictors of diverticulitis severity and treatment [43]. Differences in patient preference and physician’s recommendations may also be partly responsible [44]. Further studies should be designed to elucidate the independent factors involved in this racial disparity.
In our study, the score for overall complications was calculated according to the numbers and severity grade of postoperative mortality and 19 morbidities occurred in individual patients. We transferred the overall complications, mortality, and morbidities, which are discrete variables, into a continuous variable which reflects the total effect of complications that occurred in every patient. It was more complicated and accurate to identify the independent risk factors of overall complication.
Diabetes mellitus has been reported as significant risk factor in surgical site infection [45] and anastomosis leakage [46] in colorectal surgery. In a meta-analysis, diabetes mellitus was associated with postoperative urinary tract injection and hospital readmissions following colorectal surgery. However, the other complications, including intra-abdominal infections, wound dehiscence, pulmonary complications, reoperation, etc., did not increase in patients with diabetes mellitus [47]. In our study, overall complications included postoperative mortality and 19 morbidities, which are not all associated with diabetes mellitus. This may be the reason why diabetes mellitus was not identified as a risk factor for postoperative overall complications in our multivariant analysis,
Like other studies based on the ACS-NSQIP database, the limitations of this study are those inherent to utilizing a large data set across a broad range of surgical practices, and some insufficiency in operation-specific analyses. The database does not include clinical information on the presenting disease, such as previous episodes of acute diverticulitis, the severity of diverticulitis, or the indications for colectomy [36]. In addition to emergency operation, we adopted other associated exclusion criteria to reduce the selection bias. Additionally, the ACS-NSQIP database records only those complications that occur in the 30-day postoperative period and therefore outcomes after 30 days are not available. Finally, specific events related to colectomy, such as type of anastomosis, leakage, postoperative ileus, and the detail of diverting stoma were not listed in the ACS-NSQIP database and were not included in the postoperative complications considered in our study.

5. Conclusions

Before suggesting an elective colectomy for patients recovering from acute episodes of diverticulitis, using individualized evaluation and correcting any associated preoperative risk factors demonstrated in our study would improve individual outcomes and reduce postoperative complications. Clinical trials should be designed to compare the differences in postoperative complications between the groups with or without reducing the risk factors identified in this study before performing an elective colectomy for diverticular disease.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm12237338/s1, Table S1: Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.-H.H. and S.R.; methodology, W.-H.H.; validation, W.-H.H., S.E., L.P. and S.R.; investigation, W.-H.H., S.E., L.P. and S.R.; writing—original draft preparation, W.-H.H.; writing—review and editing, W.-H.H. and S.R.; visualization, W.-H.H.; supervision, S.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan grant number CFRPG8J0171.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable, because the data is considered exempt from human subjects review.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article or Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Jcm 12 07338 g001
Figure 1. Patient selection process. ACS-NSQIP: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program; ICD-9: International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision; CPT: Current Procedural Terminology.
Figure 1. Patient selection process. ACS-NSQIP: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program; ICD-9: International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision; CPT: Current Procedural Terminology.
Jcm 12 07338 g001
Table 1. Clinical demographics of patients who underwent colectomy.
Table 1. Clinical demographics of patients who underwent colectomy.
CharacteristicsElective Colectomy
(n = 20,496)		Non-Elective Colectomy
(n = 9972)		p Value
Age
  <6514,355 (70.0)5466 (54.8)<0.001
  65–744266 (20.8)2292 (23.0)
  75–841632 (8.0)1648 (16.5)
  >84243 (1.2)567 (5.7)
Race
  White17,667 (86.2)8221 (82.4)<0.001
  Black1241 (6.1)850 (8.5)
  Asian189 (0.9)137 (1.4)
  Native Hawaiian or
Pacific Islander		39 (0.2)35 (0.4)
  Other/missing1263 (6.2)678 (6.8)
Gender (female)11,279 (55.0)5202 (52.2)<0.001
BMI ≥ 30 (kg/m2)8200 (40.0)3864 (38.7)0.034
DM
  No27,213 (89.3)8594 (86.2)<0.001
  Oral2414 (7.9)912 (9.1)
  Insulin842 (2.8)467 (4.7)
Smoking4238 (20.7)2350 (23.6)<0.001
COPD601 (2.9)860 (8.6)<0.001
Ascites16 (0.1)130 (1.3)<0.001
Chronic heart failure26 (0.1)199 (2.0)<0.001
Hypertension9143 (44.6)5463 (54.8)<0.001
Acute renal failure12 (0.1)99 (1.0)<0.001
Dialysis66 (0.3)173 (1.7)<0.001
Chronic steroid use530 (2.6)1019 (10.2)<0.001
DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Values in parentheses are percentages.
Table 2. The ratio of postoperative mortality and morbidities in elective colectomy patients (n = 20,496).
Table 2. The ratio of postoperative mortality and morbidities in elective colectomy patients (n = 20,496).
Postoperative OutcomesNumberRatio (%)
30-day mortality420.2
Superficial surgical site infection14817.2
Return to operating room8474.1
Transfusion6843.3
Organ surgical site infection6423.1
Sepsis5102.5
Urinary tract infection4322.1
Deep surgical site infection2251.1
Wound disruption2181.1
Pulmonary embolism1910.6
Deep vein thrombus1140.6
Pneumonia1300.6
Re-intubation1050.5
Ventilator > 48 h1040.5
Septic shock1020.5
Progressive renal insufficiency900.4
Acute renal failure460.2
Myocardial infection490.2
Stroke200.1
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation260.1
Table 3. Univariate and multiple regression analyses for overall complications in elective colectomy patients.
Table 3. Univariate and multiple regression analyses for overall complications in elective colectomy patients.
Risk FactorsUnivariate
B (95% CI)		Multiple
B (95% CI)
Age   <65ReferenceReference
     65–740.017 (0.007–0.028) *0.005 (−0.006–0.016)
     75–840.077 (0.062–0.093) **0.052 (0.036–0.069) **
     >840.11 (0.071–0.149) **0.076 (0.037–0.116) **
Gender, (female)0.005 (−0.003–0.014)-
BMI ≥ 30 (kg/m2)0.024 (0.015–0.032) **0.022 (0.013–0.031) **
DM    NoReference-
     Oral0.022 (0.006–0.038) *-
     Insulin0.081 (0.05–0.113) **-
Smoking0.022 (0.012–0.033) **0.023 (0.013–0.034) **
COPD0.074 (0.049–0.099) **-
Dyspnea0.081 (0.061–0.101) **0.044 (0.024–0.064) **
Ascites0.06 (–0.092–0.211)-
Chronic heart failure0.144 (0.025–0.262) *-
Hypertension0.04 (0.032–0.049) **1.013 (0.863–1.163) **
Acute renal failure−0.029 (–0.2–0.145)0.014 (0.005–0.024) *
Dialysis0.205 (0.13–0.279) **0.141 (0.067–0.215) **
Chronic steroid use0.118 (0.092–0.145) **0.085 (0.058–0.111) **
FS    IndependentReference-
     Partially dependent0.088 (0.04–0.137) **-
ASA   IReferenceReference
     II0.021 (0–0.042)0.002 (−0.019–0.024)
     III0.087 (0.065–0.109) **0.035 (0.012–0.058) *
Wound IIReference-
     III0.019 (0.008–0.029) **-
OP  LaparoscopicReferenceReference
     Open0.071 (0.062–0.08) **0.055 (0.046–0.64) **
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FS, functional status; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; Wound II, clean/contaminated; Wound III, contaminated; OP, operation. *: p value < 0.05; **: p value < 0.001.
Table 4. Simple regression analysis for overall complications and length of total hospital stays between laparoscopic and open approach.
Table 4. Simple regression analysis for overall complications and length of total hospital stays between laparoscopic and open approach.
VariablesMeanB (Coefficient)95% CIp Value
Overall complication
 Laparoscopic0.0710
 Open0.1420.0710.062–0.08<0.001
Length of total hospital stay
 Laparoscopic4.7940
 Open7.7862.9922.827–3.157<0.001
Table 5. Multiple regression analysis for overall complications in laparoscopic colectomy patients.
Table 5. Multiple regression analysis for overall complications in laparoscopic colectomy patients.
Risk FactorsOverall Complication
B (95% CI)
Age  <65Reference
    65–740.05 (−0.007–0.017)
    75–840.028 (0.008–0.047) *
    >840.109 (0.059–0.16) **
Smoking0.032 (0.021–0.044) **
Dyspnea0.046 (0.023–0.069) **
Hypertension0.013 (0.003–0.023) *
Chronic steroid use0.057 (0.026–0.088) **
ASA  IReference
    II0.006 (−0.015–0.027)
    III0.031 (0.008–0.054) *
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists. *: p value < 0.05; **: p value < 0.001.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, W.-H.; Eisenstein, S.; Parry, L.; Ramamoorthy, S. Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Diverticular Disease Undergoing Elective Colectomy—A Retrospective Cohort Study from the ACS-NSQIP Database. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237338

AMA Style

Hu W-H, Eisenstein S, Parry L, Ramamoorthy S. Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Diverticular Disease Undergoing Elective Colectomy—A Retrospective Cohort Study from the ACS-NSQIP Database. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(23):7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237338

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Wan-Hsiang, Samuel Eisenstein, Lisa Parry, and Sonia Ramamoorthy. 2023. "Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Diverticular Disease Undergoing Elective Colectomy—A Retrospective Cohort Study from the ACS-NSQIP Database" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 23: 7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237338

APA Style

Hu, W.-H., Eisenstein, S., Parry, L., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2023). Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Outcomes in Diverticular Disease Undergoing Elective Colectomy—A Retrospective Cohort Study from the ACS-NSQIP Database. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(23), 7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237338

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