Cross Sectional and Case-Control Study to Assess Time Trend, Gender Differences and Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Adults with Diabetes: Analysis of the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (2014 & 2020)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
2.2. Study Population and Matching Method
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Sensitivity Analysis
2.6. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Gender Differences in Self-Reported PA between Males and Females with Diabetes
3.2. Differences in the Self-Reported PA between Participants with Diabetes and Age–Gender-Matched Non-Diabetic Subjects
3.3. Multivariable Analysis to Determine which Study Variables Were Associated with Reporting PA among People with Diabetes
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | EHISS 2014 | EHISS 2020 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p | ||
Gender | Male | 880 | 47.5 | 968 | 51.2 | 0.023 |
Female | 972 | 52.5 | 921 | 48.8 | ||
Age (Years) | Mean (SD) | 68.2 | (13.2) | 69.7 | (12.7) | <0.001 |
Age groups (Years) | 18–54 | 292 | 15.8 | 223 | 11.8 | 0.004 |
55–64 | 356 | 19.2 | 398 | 21.1 | ||
65–74 | 547 | 29.5 | 594 | 31.4 | ||
≥75 | 657 | 35.5 | 674 | 35.7 | ||
Educational level | No studies/primary | 1489 | 80.4 | 1400 | 74.1 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 164 | 8.9 | 231 | 12.2 | ||
High education | 199 | 10.7 | 258 | 13.7 | ||
Living with a partner | Yes | 983 | 53.1 | 1011 | 53.5 | 0.786 |
Self-rated health | Fair/poor/very poor | 1226 | 66.2 | 1119 | 59.2 | <0.001 |
Very good/good | 626 | 33.8 | 770 | 40.8 | ||
COPD | Yes | 218 | 11.8 | 170 | 9.0 | 0.005 |
Heart diseases | Yes | 457 | 24.7 | 443 | 23.5 | 0.381 |
Stroke | Yes | 118 | 6.4 | 110 | 5.8 | 0.483 |
Cancer | Yes | 145 | 7.8 | 161 | 8.5 | 0.439 |
Mental disease | Yes | 487 | 26.3 | 380 | 20.1 | <0.001 |
High blood pressure | Yes | 1136 | 61.3 | 1202 | 63.6 | 0.148 |
Alcohol consumption | Yes | 690 | 37.3 | 778 | 41.2 | 0.014 |
Active smoking | Yes | 281 | 15.2 | 291 | 15.4 | 0.844 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <25 | 487 | 26.4 | 489 | 25.9 | 0.004 |
25–29.9 | 721 | 39 | 827 | 43.9 | ||
≥30 | 639 | 34.6 | 569 | 30.2 | ||
Frequency of PA | Sedentary or low | 957 | 51.7 | 896 | 47.4 | 0.009 |
Medium or high | 895 | 48.3 | 993 | 52.6 | ||
Number of days per week of PA | None or one day | 584 | 31.5 | 421 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
Two day or more | 1268 | 68.5 | 1468 | 77.7 |
Medium or High Frequency of Physical Activity | Number of Days of Physical Activity ≥ 2 Days | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Diabetes | Diabetes | No Diabetes | Diabetes | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | p Value | n | % | N | % | p Value | ||
Gender | Male | 1212 | 65.8 | 1082 | 58.5 | <0.001 | 1505 | 81.7 | 1441 | 78.0 | <0.001 |
Female | 1009 | 53.1 | 806 | 42.6 | <0.001 | 1424 | 75.0 | 1295 | 68.4 | <0.001 | |
Age groups | 18–54 years | 344 | 66.2 | 304 | 59.0 | <0.001 | 420 | 80.8 | 404 | 78.4 | <0.001 |
55–64 years | 492 | 65.7 | 433 | 57.4 | <0.001 | 623 | 83.2 | 595 | 78.9 | <0.001 | |
65–74 years | 785 | 68.4 | 679 | 59.5 | <0.001 | 973 | 84.8 | 909 | 79.7 | <0.001 | |
≥75 years | 600 | 45.3 | 472 | 35.5 | <0.001 | 913 | 68.9 | 828 | 62.2 | <0.001 | |
Educational level | No studies/primary | 1354 | 53.2 | 1330 | 46 | <0.001 | 1902 | 74.8 | 2032 | 70.3 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 379 | 71.9 | 250 | 63.3 | <0.001 | 458 | 86.9 | 329 | 83.3 | <0.001 | |
High education | 488 | 72.7 | 308 | 67.4 | <0.001 | 569 | 84.8 | 375 | 82.1 | <0.001 | |
Living with a partner | No | 960 | 55.5 | 796 | 45.6 | <0.001 | 1316 | 76.1 | 1212 | 69.4 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1261 | 62.7 | 1092 | 54.8 | <0.001 | 1613 | 80.2 | 1524 | 76.4 | <0.001 |
Medium or High Frequency of Physical Activity | Number of Days Engaged of Physical Activity ≥ 2 Days | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Diabetes | Diabetes | No Diabetes | Diabetes | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | p | n | % | n | % | p | ||
Self-rated health | Fair/poor/very poor | 704 | 43.6 | 955 | 40.7 | <0.001 | 1074 | 66.6 | 1547 | 66.0 | 0.707 |
Very good/good | 1517 | 71.3 | 933 | 66.8 | <0.001 | 1855 | 87.2 | 1189 | 85.2 | <0.001 | |
COPD | No | 2128 | 60.7 | 1744 | 52.0 | <0.001 | 2780 | 79.3 | 2511 | 74.9 | <0.001 |
Yes | 93 | 39.4 | 144 | 37.1 | 0.313 | 149 | 63.1 | 225 | 58.0 | 0.462 | |
Heart diseases | No | 1936 | 61.2 | 1538 | 54.1 | <0.001 | 2530 | 80.0 | 2165 | 76.2 | <0.001 |
Yes | 285 | 49.4 | 350 | 38.9 | <0.001 | 399 | 69.2 | 571 | 63.4 | 0.010 | |
Stroke | No | 2174 | 60.2 | 1805 | 51.4 | <0.001 | 2858 | 79.1 | 2613 | 74.4 | <0.001 |
Yes | 47 | 36.2 | 83 | 36.4 | 0.528 | 71 | 54.6 | 123 | 53.9 | 0.913 | |
Cancer | No | 2076 | 59.8 | 1736 | 50.5 | <0.001 | 2728 | 78.6 | 2524 | 73.5 | <0.001 |
Yes | 145 | 53.3 | 152 | 49.7 | 0.644 | 201 | 73.9 | 212 | 69.3 | <0.001 | |
Mental disease | No | 1950 | 62.8 | 1555 | 54.1 | <0.001 | 2522 | 81.2 | 2213 | 77.0 | <0.001 |
Yes | 271 | 42.6 | 333 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 407 | 64.0 | 523 | 60.3 | 0.024 | |
High blood pressure | No | 1343 | 61.9 | 798 | 56.9 | <0.001 | 1761 | 81.2 | 1076 | 76.7 | <0.001 |
Yes | 878 | 55.8 | 1090 | 46.6 | <0.001 | 1168 | 74.3 | 1660 | 71.0 | <0.001 | |
Alcohol consumption | No | 927 | 49.1 | 988 | 43.5 | <0.001 | 1372 | 72.7 | 1552 | 68.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1294 | 69.8 | 900 | 61.3 | <0.001 | 1557 | 84 | 1184 | 80.7 | <0.001 | |
Active smoking | No | 1875 | 59.3 | 1589 | 50.1 | <0.001 | 2454 | 77.6 | 2302 | 72.6 | <0.001 |
Yes | 346 | 60.0 | 299 | 52.3 | 0.004 | 475 | 82.3 | 434 | 75.9 | <0.001 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <25 | 879 | 62.6 | 512 | 52.5 | <0.001 | 1139 | 81.1 | 727 | 74.5 | <0.001 |
25–29.9 | 975 | 61.2 | 847 | 54.7 | <0.001 | 1275 | 80.0 | 1187 | 76.7 | <0.001 | |
≥30 | 362 | 49.4 | 524 | 43.4 | <0.001 | 504 | 68.8 | 814 | 67.4 | 0.548 |
Medium or High Physical Activity | Number of Days per Week of Physical Activity ≥ 2 Days | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Gender | Female | 1 | 1 |
Male | 1.52 (1.31–1.75) | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | |
Age groups | ≥75 years | 1 | 1 |
65–74 years | 2.38 (2.00–2.84) | 2.10 (173–2.55) | |
55–64 years | 2.07 (1.68–2.54) | 1.86 (1.48–233) | |
18–54 years | 2.01 (1.59–2.55) | 1.65 (1.27–2.15) | |
Educational level | No studies/primary | 1 | 1 |
Secondary | 1.39 (1.10–1.76) | 1.36 (1.02–1.83) | |
High education | 1.63 (1.30–2.04) | 1.43 (1.04–1.72) | |
Self-rated health | Fair/poor/very poor | 1 | 1 |
Very good/good | 2.11 (1.81–2.45) | 1.84 (1.53–2.23) | |
COPD | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | |
Heart diseases | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | |
Stroke | No | - | 1 |
Yes | NIFM | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | |
Mental disorder | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | |
Active smoking | No | 1 | - |
Yes | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | NIFM | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ≥30 | 1 | 1 |
25–29.9 | 1.49 (1.26–1.75) | 1.49 (1.24–1.78) | |
<25 | 1.54 (1.28–1.86) | 1.47 (1.20–1.81) | |
Year | 2014 | 1 | 1 |
2020 | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) | 1.62 (1.39–1.88) |
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Llamas-Saez, C.; Saez-Vaquero, T.; Jiménez-García, R.; López-de-Andrés, A.; Carabantes-Alarcón, D.; Zamorano-León, J.J.; Cuadrado-Corrales, N.; Pérez-Farinos, N.; Wärnberg, J. Cross Sectional and Case-Control Study to Assess Time Trend, Gender Differences and Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Adults with Diabetes: Analysis of the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (2014 & 2020). J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062443
Llamas-Saez C, Saez-Vaquero T, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, Carabantes-Alarcón D, Zamorano-León JJ, Cuadrado-Corrales N, Pérez-Farinos N, Wärnberg J. Cross Sectional and Case-Control Study to Assess Time Trend, Gender Differences and Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Adults with Diabetes: Analysis of the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (2014 & 2020). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(6):2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062443
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlamas-Saez, Carlos, Teresa Saez-Vaquero, Rodrigo Jiménez-García, Ana López-de-Andrés, David Carabantes-Alarcón, José J. Zamorano-León, Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, Napoleón Pérez-Farinos, and Julia Wärnberg. 2023. "Cross Sectional and Case-Control Study to Assess Time Trend, Gender Differences and Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Adults with Diabetes: Analysis of the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (2014 & 2020)" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 6: 2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062443