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10.3390/jcm13144064
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Review

Aortic Valve Calcium Score: Applications in Clinical Practice and Scientific Research—A Narrative Review

by
Paweł Gać
1,2,
Arkadiusz Jaworski
3,*,
Filip Grajnert
4,
Katarzyna Kicman
3,
Agnieszka Trejtowicz-Sutor
1,
Konrad Witkowski
1,
Małgorzata Poręba
5 and
Rafał Poręba
6
1
Centre of Diagnostic Imaging, 4th Military Hospital, Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wrocław, Poland
2
Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
3
Healthcare Team “County Hospital” in Sochaczew, Batalionow Chlopskich 3/7, 96-500 Sochaczew, Poland
4
4th Military Hospital, Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wrocław, Poland
5
Department of Paralympic Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Witelona 25a, 51-617 Wrocław, Poland
6
Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(14), 4064; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144064
Submission received: 25 May 2024 / Revised: 29 June 2024 / Accepted: 8 July 2024 / Published: 11 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)
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Abstract

In this narrative review, we investigate the essential role played by the computed tomography Aortic Valve Calcium Score (AVCS) in the cardiovascular diagnostic landscape, with a special focus on its implications for clinical practice and scientific research. Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent type of aortic stenosis (AS) in industrialized countries, and due to the aging population, its prevalence is increasing. While transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the gold standard, AVCS stands out as an essential complementary tool in evaluating patients with AS. The advantage of AVCS is its independence from flow; this allows for a more precise evaluation of patients with discordant findings in TTE. Further clinical applications of AVCS include in the assessment of patients before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), as it helps in predicting outcomes and provides prognostic information post-TAVR. Additionally, we describe different AVCS thresholds regarding gender and the anatomical variations of the aortic valve. Finally, we discuss various scientific studies where AVCS was applied. As AVCS has some limitations, due to the pathophysiologies of AS extending beyond calcification and gender differences, scientists strive to validate contrast-enhanced AVCS. Furthermore, research on developing radiation-free methods of measuring calcium content is ongoing.
Keywords: CT-AVC; aortic valve calcification score; AVC; calcium scoring; aortic valve stenosis; bicuspid; multidetector computed tomography; echocardiography; artificial intelligence CT-AVC; aortic valve calcification score; AVC; calcium scoring; aortic valve stenosis; bicuspid; multidetector computed tomography; echocardiography; artificial intelligence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gać, P.; Jaworski, A.; Grajnert, F.; Kicman, K.; Trejtowicz-Sutor, A.; Witkowski, K.; Poręba, M.; Poręba, R. Aortic Valve Calcium Score: Applications in Clinical Practice and Scientific Research—A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144064

AMA Style

Gać P, Jaworski A, Grajnert F, Kicman K, Trejtowicz-Sutor A, Witkowski K, Poręba M, Poręba R. Aortic Valve Calcium Score: Applications in Clinical Practice and Scientific Research—A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(14):4064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144064

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gać, Paweł, Arkadiusz Jaworski, Filip Grajnert, Katarzyna Kicman, Agnieszka Trejtowicz-Sutor, Konrad Witkowski, Małgorzata Poręba, and Rafał Poręba. 2024. "Aortic Valve Calcium Score: Applications in Clinical Practice and Scientific Research—A Narrative Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 14: 4064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144064

APA Style

Gać, P., Jaworski, A., Grajnert, F., Kicman, K., Trejtowicz-Sutor, A., Witkowski, K., Poręba, M., & Poręba, R. (2024). Aortic Valve Calcium Score: Applications in Clinical Practice and Scientific Research—A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(14), 4064. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144064

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