Psychiatric Characteristics, Symptoms of Insomnia and Depression, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity among Swiss Medical Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Mental Health Issues in the General Population
1.2. Mental Health Issues among Students and Medical Students
1.3. Symptoms of Depression and Insomnia
1.4. Emotion Regulation, Symptoms of Depression, and Insomnia
1.5. Perceived Social Support, Social Activity, and Symptoms of Depression
1.6. The Present Study
2. Methods and Measures
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic and Study-Related Information
2.3.2. Health-Related Information
2.3.3. Symptoms of Depression
2.3.4. Insomnia
2.3.5. Emotion Regulation
2.3.6. Social Activity
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Sociodemographic and Study-Related Information
3.2. Prevalence of Self-Declared Psychiatric Issues
3.3. Symptoms of Depression, Insomnia, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity among Participants with and without Psychiatric Issues
3.4. Associations between Symptoms of Depression, Insomnia, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity
3.5. Insomnia Scores (Continuous Dimension) and Categories among Medical Students, Non-Medical Students, and Police Officers
3.6. Categories of Cognitive Reappraisal for Depression, Insomnia, Emotion Suppression, and Social Activity
3.7. Associations between Symptoms of Depression with Insomnia, Emotion Regulation, Social Activity, Gender, and the Occurrence of Self-Declared Psychiatric Issues in the Regression Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence Rates of Self-Declared Psychiatric Issues among Medical Students
4.2. The Insomnia–Depression Link
4.3. Insomnia Scores among Swiss Medical Students and Non-Medical Students and Police Officers
4.4. Emotion Regulation: Cognitive Reappraisal and Emotion Suppression
4.5. Social Activity and Psychological Well-Being
4.6. Independent Dimensions of Sociodemographic and Psychological Dimensions Related to Symptoms of Depression
4.7. Transdiagnostic Approach
4.8. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Information | |
---|---|
Total | N = 575 |
Age, mean (SD) | 22.00 (2.44) |
Gender | no. (% of n) |
Female | 396 (68.87) |
Male | 177 (30.78) |
Diverse | 2 (0.35) |
Study year | no. (% of n) |
1. Bachelor | 154 (26.78) |
2. Bachelor | 102 (17.74) |
3. Bachelor | 86 (14.96) |
1. Master | 96 (16.70) |
2. Master | 82 (14.26) |
3. Master | 55 (9.57) |
Study subject | no. (% of n) |
Human medicine | 543 (94.43) |
Dental medicine | 32 (5.57) |
Self-Declared Psychiatric Issues | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
None | 385 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 67.0 |
ADHD | 4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 67.7 |
Eating disorder | 31 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 73.0 |
MDD | 43 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 80.5 |
Anxiety disorders, including PTSD and OCD | 35 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 86.6 |
ADHD + MDD | 7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 87.8 |
MDD + eating disorder | 16 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 90.6 |
MOD + anxiety disorder | 27 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 95.3 |
Various psychiatric issues | 27 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 100.0 |
Total | 575 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Self-Declared Psychiatric Issues | Statistics | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
N | 190 | 385 | ||
M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
Depression | 10.32 (5.78) | 5.78 (4.19) | t(573) = 8.53 *** | 0.76 [M] |
Insomnia | 8.96 (4.81) | 7.19 (4.26) | t(573) = 4.47 *** | 0.40 [S] |
Cognitive reappraisal | 24.74 (6.27) | 26.56 (6.17) | t(573) = 3.31 *** | 0.29 [S] |
Emotion suppression | 14.72 (4.99) | 14.61 (4.92) | t(573) = 0.26 | 0.02 [T] |
Social activity | 41.46 (6.72) | 45.11 (6.34) | t(573) = 6.34 *** | 0.56 [M] |
Dimensions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Insomnia | Cognitive Reappraisal | Emotion Suppression | Social Activity | |
Depression | - | 0.61 *** | −0.28 *** | 0.18 *** | −0.57 *** |
Insomnia | - | −0.17 *** | 0.14 *** | −0.38 *** | |
Cognitive reappraisal | - | −0.03 | 0.33 *** | ||
Emotion suppression | - | −0.27 *** | |||
Social activity | - |
Insomnia Severy Index | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISI Categories | ISI Sum Score | |||||
No Insomnia | Subthreshold Insomnia | Moderate Clinical Insomnia | Severe Clinical Insomnia | M (SD) | ||
N | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Medical students | 575 | 303 (52.7) | 220 (38.3) | 46 (8.0) | 6 (1.0) | 15.51 (5.12) |
Non-medical students | 864 | 585 (67.9) | 224 (26.0) | 49 (5.7) | 4 (0.5) | 6.56 (4.31) |
Police officers | 533 | 331 (62.1) | 160 (30.0) | 35 (6.6) | 7 (1.3) | 6.98 (4.96) |
Categories of Cognitive Reappraisal | Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | F-Tests | ηp2 | |
N | 106 | 337 | 126 | ||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
Depression | 9.58 (5.53) | 8.06 (5.13) | 6.18 (3.83) | F(2, 572) = 13.82 *** | 0.047 [S] |
Insomnia | 9.21 (5.07) | 7.67 (4.32) | 6.88 (4.33) | F(2, 572) = 8.08 *** | 0.027 [S] |
Emotion suppression | 14.57 (4.91) | 14.87 (4.92) | 14.26 (5.02) | F(2, 572) = 0.74 | 0.003 [S] |
Social activity | 40.67 (7.41) | 43.80 (6.24) | 46.87 (5.89) | F(2, 572) = 27.11 *** | 0.087 [M] |
Dimension | Variables | Coefficient | Standard Error | Coefficient β | t | p | R | R2 | Durbin–Watson | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Intercept | 19.87 | 1.421 | - | 13.984 | <0.001 | 0.737 | 0.543 | 1.818 | |
Insomnia Social activity | 0.486 −0.257 | 0.035 0.026 | 0.436 −0.339 | 14.036 9.986 | <0.001 <0.001 | 1.184 1.414 | ||||
Gender | −1.173 | 0.321 | −0.107 | −3.658 | <0.001 | 1.051 | ||||
Self-declared psychiatric issue | −1.599 | 0.326 | −0.147 | −4.911 | <0.001 | 1.101 |
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Regli, J.; Sadeghi-Bahmani, D.; Rigotti, V.; Stanga, Z.; Ülgür, I.I.; Fichter, C.; Lang, U.E.; Brühl, A.B.; Brand, S. Psychiatric Characteristics, Symptoms of Insomnia and Depression, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity among Swiss Medical Students. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154372
Regli J, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Rigotti V, Stanga Z, Ülgür II, Fichter C, Lang UE, Brühl AB, Brand S. Psychiatric Characteristics, Symptoms of Insomnia and Depression, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity among Swiss Medical Students. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(15):4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154372
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegli, Jonas, Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani, Viola Rigotti, Zeno Stanga, Ismail I. Ülgür, Christian Fichter, Undine E. Lang, Annette B. Brühl, and Serge Brand. 2024. "Psychiatric Characteristics, Symptoms of Insomnia and Depression, Emotion Regulation, and Social Activity among Swiss Medical Students" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154372