Personality Traits and Depression in Infertile Couples during the COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- –
- To verify the existence of significant correlations between personality factors, depression, and fear of COVID;
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- To verify the relationship between personality traits and depression, taking into account the role that a fear of COVID-19 may have played in mediating such an association, in infertile men and women who were about to commence a medically assisted reproduction (MAR) journey.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures and Instruments
- –
- A socio-demographic form, constructed ad hoc, in which the following data were collected: sex, age, nationality, relationship status, educational level, profession type (where relevant), number of children, incidence of previous miscarriages, information relating to whether it was the first attempt at ART, presence of previous pathologies, healthy eating habits, engaging in physical and sports activities, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, use of pharmacotherapy, and the presence of a social support network.
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- Personality Inventory (PI) [29], a self-reporting questionnaire consisting of 20 items to assess personality factors, according to the Big Five model [12]. The questionnaire has five subscales which investigate the relative personality factors: extraversion, defined as a search for aggregation, assertiveness, positive emotionality, and a search for excitement; conscientiousness, defined as a sense of duty and self-discipline; openness regarding experiences and intellectual curiosity; agreeableness, defined as trusting in others and the ability to cooperate; and neuroticism, defined as a tendency to be emotionally unstable. Each item had a 5-point Likert scale with scores ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Regarding psychometric properties, the tool demonstrated reliable internal consistency (α > 0.70).
- –
- Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) [30] is a self-reporting questionnaire consisting of 21 items; its aim is to measure the cognitive, motivational, affective, and behavioral symptoms of depression. Each item has a score ranging from 0 to 3, and the higher the BDI score, the more profound the degree of depression is. Regarding psychometric properties, the tool demonstrated reliable internal consistency (α > 0.80).
- –
- A fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) [31] is a seven-item scale which assesses the fear of COVID-19. The seven items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with scores ranging from 7 to 35. The higher the score, the greater the fear of COVID-19. Regarding psychometric properties, the FCV-19S also demonstrated reliable internal consistency (α > 0.80).
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Women | Men | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age: | 34.6 | 5.65 | 37.3 | 5.93 |
Nationality: | ||||
Italian | 75.9% | 77.5% | ||
Other | 24.1% | 22.5% | ||
96.3% | 97.2% | |||
3.7% | 2.8% | |||
Relationship status: | ||||
Married | 75.9% | 77.5% | ||
Cohabiting | 24.1% | 22.5% | ||
Educational level: | ||||
Elementary school | 5.6% | 1.4% | ||
Middle school | 35.1% | 31% | ||
Vocational diploma | 9.3% | 25.4% | ||
High school diploma | 24.1% | 28.2% | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 21.3% | 11.3% | ||
PhD/Specialization | 4.6% | 2.8% | ||
Job type: | ||||
Homemaker | 39.2% | 1.4% | ||
Student | 2.8% | |||
Factory worker | 0.9% | 18.6% | ||
Office worker | 32.7% | 34.3% | ||
Executive | 2.8% | 1.4% | ||
Craftsman/woman | 7.1% | |||
Merchant | 0.9% | 2.9% | ||
Freelancer | 0.9% | 17.1% | ||
Teacher | 4.7% | 1.4% | ||
Unemployed | 10.3% | 15.7% | ||
Seeking initial employment | 4.7% | |||
Presence of children: | ||||
No | 85% | 85.5% | ||
1 | 14% | 13% | ||
2 | 1.4% | |||
3 or >3 | 0.9% | |||
Miscarriages: | ||||
No | 72.9% | |||
Yes, spontaneous | 24.3% | |||
Yes, voluntary termination of pregnancy | 2.8% | |||
First attempt at ART: | ||||
Yes | 72.9% | 69.5% | ||
No | 27.1% | 30.5% | ||
Presence of other Pathologies: | ||||
No | 71.3% | 84.6% | ||
Yes, organic type | 23.1% | 12.3% | ||
Yes, psychological type | 0.9% | |||
Healthy carrier | 4.6% | 3.1% | ||
Healthy diet: | ||||
Yes | 83.3% | 78.3% | ||
No | 16.7% | 21.7% | ||
Sport: | ||||
Yes | 22.2% | 40.6% | ||
No | 77.8% | 59.4% | ||
Smoking: | ||||
Yes | 29.6% | 40.6% | ||
No | 70.4% | 59.4% | ||
Alcohol: | ||||
Yes | 4.6% | 5.8% | ||
No | 95.4% | 94.2% | ||
Taking medication: | ||||
Yes | 22.2% | 18.8% | ||
No | 77.8% | 81.2% | ||
Social support network: | ||||
Limited | 54.2% | 42.6% | ||
Wide | 45.8% | 57.4% | ||
Support system for ART journey: | ||||
Family | 62.9% | 53% | ||
Friends | 3.7% | 4.5% | ||
Both | 33.3% | 42.4% |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Neuroticism | - | ||||||
2. Conscientiousness | −0.071 | - | |||||
3. Openness | −0.051 | 0.107 | - | ||||
4. Extroversion | −0.035 | 0.059 | 0.152 | - | |||
5. Agreeableness | 0.102 | 0.035 | 0.021 | −0.011 | - | ||
6. BDI | −0.004 | −0.009 | 0.043 | 0.016 | −0.004 | - | |
7. FCV-19S | 0.252 ** | 0.050 | 0.141 | 0.072 | 0.188 * | 0.666 ** | - |
M | 8.78 | 15.06 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 9.63 | 13.7 |
SD | 3.07 | 2.23 | 2.46 | 1.80 | 2.40 | 5.27 | 6.41 |
Skewness | 0.91 | −0.81 | 0.23 | 0.20 | −0.14 | −0.66 | 1.13 |
Kurtosis | 1.09 | 1.55 | 0.37 | 1.9 | 0.38 | −0.60 | 1.07 |
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Burgio, S.; Polizzi, C.; Alesi, M.; Perino, A.; Cucinella, G.; Kotlik, Y.; Lopez, A.; Vassiliadis, A.; Gullo, G. Personality Traits and Depression in Infertile Couples during the COVID-19. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4827. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164827
Burgio S, Polizzi C, Alesi M, Perino A, Cucinella G, Kotlik Y, Lopez A, Vassiliadis A, Gullo G. Personality Traits and Depression in Infertile Couples during the COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4827. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164827
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurgio, Sofia, Concetta Polizzi, Marianna Alesi, Antonio Perino, Gaspare Cucinella, Yulia Kotlik, Alessandra Lopez, Alessandra Vassiliadis, and Giuseppe Gullo. 2024. "Personality Traits and Depression in Infertile Couples during the COVID-19" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4827. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164827