Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Nomogram Creation and Propensity Score Matching
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Tumor Characteristics
3.3. Treatment Modality
3.4. Outcomes and Survival Analysis of Overall and Cause-Specific Survival
3.5. Outcomes and Overall Survival of Different Treatment Modalities
3.6. Outcomes and Overall Survival of Demographic Factors
3.7. Outcomes and Overall Survival of Tumor Characteristics
3.8. Propensity Score Matching for Large and Small Cell Carcinoma
3.9. Prognostic Nomogram Construction
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclosure
References
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Variable (n = 718) | Frequency (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | <70 | 305 (42.5%) |
≥70 | 413 (57.5%) | |
Ethnicity | Unknown | 2 (0.3%) |
White | 534 (74.4%) | |
Black | 66 (9.2%) | |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 42 (5.8%) | |
Hispanic | 68 (9.5%) | |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 6 (0.8%) | |
Income (US$/year) | ≤$75,000 | 388 (54.0%) |
≥$75,000 | 330 (46.0%) | |
Rural-Urban Continuum | Metropolitan | 618 (86.1%) |
Rural | 100 (13.9%) |
Variable (n = 718) | Frequency (%) | |
---|---|---|
Prostate Histological Type | SCNEC | 688 (95.8%) |
LCNEC | 30 (4.2%) | |
Tumor Size | When known (n = 89) (B = 0.88) | |
<2.1 cm | 15 (16.9%) | |
2.1–4.0 cm | 13 (14.6%) | |
>4.1 cm | 61 (68.5%) | |
Local Lymph Node Status | When Known (n = 58) (B = 0.79) | |
Positive | 30 (51.7%) | |
Negative | 28 (48.3%) | |
Metastasis | Metastasis Status (n = 292) (B = 0.95) | |
Positive Metastases | 211 (27.7%) | |
Negative Metastases | 81 (72.3%) | |
# of Metastasis (n = 211) (B = 0.92) | ||
Single Site | 169 (57.9%) | |
Multiple Sites | 123 (42.1%) | |
Site of Metastases (n = 211) (B = 0.92) | ||
Bone | 138 (47.3%) | |
Brain | 14 (4.8%) | |
Liver | 101 (34.6%) | |
Lung | 47 (16.1%) | |
Distant Lymph Node | 75 (25.7%) | |
Other | 29 (9.9%) | |
Underwent Treatment Modality | Chemotherapy | 416 (57.9%) * |
Radiation | 77 (10.7%) | |
Surgery | 207 (28.8%) |
Variables | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard Ratio (C.I. 95%) | p-Value | Hazard Ratio (C.I. 95%) | p-Value | ||
Age | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 * | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.365 | |
Ethnicity # | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 869 (83.6%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 52 (5.0%) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 0.306 | 1.10 (0.11–11.06) | 0.936 |
Non-Hispanic Asian/PI | 42 (4.0%) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.706 | 0.69 (0.05–9.02) | 0.776 |
Hispanic (All Races) | 75 (7.2%) | 0.67 (0.50–0.88) | 0.005 + | 0.52 (0.14–1.97) | 0.335 |
Stage | |||||
Localized | 440 (42.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Regional | 184 (17.7%) | 1.70 (1.21–2.39) | 0.002 * | 0.60 (0.45–7.83) | 0.693 |
Distant | 154 (14.8%) | 2.63 (2.00–3.53) | <0.001 * | 0.39 (0.03–5.61) | 0.487 |
Nodal Status | |||||
Negative | 164 (15.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Positive | 53 (5.1%) | 2.81 (1.49–5.30) | 0.001 * | 3.03 (0.79–11.52) | 0.105 |
Chemotherapy Only | |||||
No | 714 (86.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 326 (31.3%) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.244 | 0.7 (0.00–1.43) | 0.084 |
Surgery Only | |||||
No | 714 (86.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 326 (31.3%) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.575 | 0.02 (0.00–1.17) | 0.059 |
Surgery + Chemotherapy | |||||
No | 394 (62.1%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 394 (37.9%) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 0.881 | 0.02 (0.00–1.19) | 1.88 |
Radiation + Chemotherapy | |||||
No | 394 (62.1%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 394 (37.9%) | 0.79 (0.41–1.52) | 0.473 | 0.03 (0.00–2.29) | 0.113 |
Combination | |||||
No | 841 (80.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 199 (19.1%) | 0.75 (0.52–1.07) | 0.107 | 0.02 (0.00–1.92) | 0.093 |
Systemic Therapy | |||||
No | 332 (40.0%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 497 (60.0%) | 0.78 (0.63–0.96) | 0.021 + | 1.21 (0.10–15.17) | 0.882 |
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Ullah, A.; Yasinzai, A.Q.K.; Lee, K.T.; Chaudhury, T.; Chaudhury, H.; Chandasir, A.; Wali, A.; Waheed, A.; Tareen, B.; Khan, M.; et al. Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164874
Ullah A, Yasinzai AQK, Lee KT, Chaudhury T, Chaudhury H, Chandasir A, Wali A, Waheed A, Tareen B, Khan M, et al. Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164874
Chicago/Turabian StyleUllah, Asad, Abdul Qahar Khan Yasinzai, Kue Tylor Lee, Tristin Chaudhury, Hannah Chaudhury, Abdullah Chandasir, Agha Wali, Abdul Waheed, Bisma Tareen, Marjan Khan, and et al. 2024. "Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164874