Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Treatment Procedure and Programming
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Motor Function
3.3. Health-Related Quality of Life
3.4. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Targets | Sex | Age at Onset (yrs) | Age at Surgery (yrs) | Duration of Symptoms (mos) | Gene Mutation | Stimulation Parameters with Best Response (Contact, Pulse Width, Frequency, Amplitude, Left/Right) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GPi | F | 1 | 22 | 252 | NA | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 170/170, 2.8/3.2 |
2 | GPi | M | 1 | 25 | 288 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 140/140, 3.2/3.5 |
3 | GPi | M | 27 | 29 | 16 | NA | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)2(−)3(−), 60/70, 160/160, 3.5/3.0 |
4 | GPi | F | 40 | 45 | 60 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 130/130, 3.4/3.0 |
5 | GPi | M | 37 | 40 | 36 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 150/150, 3.5/3.2 |
6 | GPi | F | 4 | 9 | 60 | No | Case(+)6(−)7(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 90/70, 160/160, 2.9/2.8 |
7 | GPi | M | 5 | 29 | 288 | NA | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)3(−), 60/60, 130/130, 3.1/2.8 |
8 | GPi | M | 8 | 12 | 48 | NA | Case(+)6(−)7(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 100/70, 145/145, 2.95/2.85 |
9 | GPi | M | 9 | 10 | 6 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)1(−), 70/80, 150/150, 2.0/2.75 |
10 | GPi | F | 36 | 38 | 24 | NA | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 70/80, 140/140, 2.7/2.9 |
11 | GPi | M | 6 | 14 | 96 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)1(−)3(−), 80/110, 145/145, 2.65/3.55 |
12 | GPi | M | 8 | 12 | 48 | No | Case(+)6(−)7(−)8(−)/Case(+)2(−)4(−), 60/100, 130/130, 3.5/3.2 |
13 | GPi | M | 7 | 24 | 204 | GNAL | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/90, 170/170, 3.4/3.2 |
14 | GPi | M | 8 | 21 | 156 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 80/80, 155/155, 2.2/2.7 |
15 | GPi | F | 43 | 45 | 24 | NA | Case(+)5−/Case(+)2(−), 90/70, 140/140, 3.4/3.4 |
16 | GPi | F | 47 | 50 | 36 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/90, 130/130, 3.4/3.2 |
17 | GPi | F | 4 | 19 | 180 | No | Case(+)9(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 130/130, 2.6/2.7 |
18 | STN | M | 8 | 13 | 60 | KMT2B | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)2(−), 80/60, 140/140, 2.1/2 |
19 | STN | M | 18 | 19 | 12 | NA | Case(+)10(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/2 |
20 | STN | M | 66 | 68 | 24 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)3(−), 80/70, 150/150, 2/2.25 |
21 | STN | F | 29 | 32 | 36 | No | Case(+)5(−)/Case(+)2(−)3(−), 80/80, 130/130, 2.5/2.4 |
22 | STN | F | 7 | 12 | 60 | NA | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 90/80, 145/145, 2.35/2.25 |
23 | STN | M | 4 | 13 | 108 | No | Case(+)6(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 2.2/2.2 |
24 | STN | M | 8 | 10 | 24 | TOR1A | Case(+)5(−)8(−)/Case(+)1(−)4(−), 70/70, 130/130, 1.5/1.45 |
25 | STN | F | 5 | 6 | 12 | ANO3 | Case(+)9(−)/Case(+)1(−), 60/60, 110/110, 1.8/1.9 |
26 | STN | M | 3 | 23 | 240 | No | Case(+)10(−)/Case(+)2(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/1.8 |
27 | STN | F | 6 | 15 | 84 | No | Case(+)5(−)6(−)/Case(+)1(−)2(−), 60/70, 130/130, 1.5/1.55 |
28 | STN | M | 9 | 14 | 60 | No | Case(+)8(−)/Case(+)4(−), 70/60, 140/140, 2.4/1.5 |
29 | STN | M | 6 | 11 | 60 | No | Case(+)7(−)/Case(+)3(−), 60/60, 130/130, 1.9/2.1 |
Characteristic | GPi Group | STN Group | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic or clinical | |||
Age at surgery (yrs) | 26.12 ± 13.3 | 19.67 ± 16.67 | 0.116 & |
Age at onset (yrs) | 17.12 ± 16.75 | 14.08 ± 17.89 | 0.739 & |
% males | 58.82% | 66.67% | 0.717 # |
% TOR1A mutation | 17.65% | 8.33% | 0.622 # |
Symptom duration (mos) | 107.18 ± 99.22 | 65 ± 87.18 | 0.422 & |
Functional status | |||
BFMDRS-M (0–120) | 47.09 ± 23.68 | 47.21 ± 24.32 | 0.989 * |
Eye (0–8) | 2.60 ± 2.16 | 2.75 ± 1.77 | NA |
Mouth (0–8) | 3.19 ± 2.72 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 0.916 & |
Speech (0–16) | 5.00 ± 4.72 | 5.20 ± 3.56 | 0.533 & |
Neck (0–8) | 5.80 ± 2.21 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | 0.332 & |
Trunk (0–16) | 6.00 ± 4.27 | 8.00 ± 5.38 | 0.312 & |
Arm (0–32) | 13.88 ± 7.94 | 17.36 ± 9.85 | 0.312 * |
Legs (0–32) | 16.50 ± 10.05 | 16.08 ± 9.06 | 0.834 & |
BFMDRS-D (0–30) | 16.18 ± 5.74 | 17.33 ± 5.74 | 0.597 * |
Speech (0–4) | 1.80 ± 1.08 | 2.20 ± 1.10 | 0.451 & |
Writing (0–4) | 2.29 ± 1.10 | 2.73 ± 1.10 | 0.315 & |
Feeding (0–4) | 2.44 ± 1.36 | 3.09 ± 0.94 | 0.177 & |
Eating and swallowing (0–4) | 1.56 ± 0.88 | 1.20 ± 0.45 | 0.503 & |
Hygiene (0–4) | 2.71 ± 1.10 | 3.08 ± 0.90 | 0.380 & |
Dressing (0–4) | 2.59 ± 1.23 | 3.00 ± 1.04 | 0.367 & |
Walking (0–6) | 4.31 ± 1.35 | 4.42 ± 1.31 | 0.718 & |
Quality of life | |||
SF-36 score | |||
General health (0–100) | 35 ± 12.78 | 27.92 ± 12.70 | 0.158 * |
Physical function (0–100) | 30.94 ± 23.40 | 18.75 ± 21.33 | 0.175 & |
Role, physical (0–100) | 20.31 ± 24.53 | 18.75 ± 11.31 | 0.678 & |
Role, emotional (0–100) | 27.08 ± 30.36 | 22.22 ± 32.83 | 0.544 & |
Social function (0–100) | 35.41 ± 26.69 | 21.28 ± 18.61 | 0.212 & |
Body pain (0–100) | 56.69 ± 31.37 | 50.17 ± 28.53 | 0.555 & |
Vitality (0–100) | 45.32 ± 23.63 | 40 ± 24.77 | 0.569 & |
Mental health (0–100) | 39.75 ± 12.94 | 44 ± 11.44 | 0.329 & |
BFMDRS-M | p Value a | p Value (Mean Improvement %) b | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | Pre | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | 1 mo vs. Pre | 3 mo vs. 1 mo | 6 mo vs. 3 mo | 12 mo vs. 6 mo | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | |
Total | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 47.09 ± 23.68 | 34.09 ± 21.64 | 29.76 ± 21.25 | 30.88 ± 22.52 | 28.21 ± 22.72 | 0.000 ¥ | 0.018 ¥ | 0.153 ¥ | 0.221 ¥ | (28.8%) | (37.32%) | (38.36%) | (45.73%) |
STN | 12 | 47.21 ± 24.32 | 25.25 ± 16.11 | 17.71 ± 13.55 | 14 ± 11.97 | 15.83 ± 13.57 | 0.001 # | 0.002 ¥ | 0.008 # | 1 ¥ | 0.069 & (45.58%) | 0.057 & (61.8%) | 0.008 & (63.91%) | 0.060 * (66.37%) |
Eye | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 5 | 2.6 ± 2.16 | 1.8 ± 1.68 | 1.9 ± 1.67 | 2 ± 2.55 | 1.4 ± 2.61 | 0.099 # | 0.317 ¥ | 0.854 # | 0.317 ¥ | (34.7%) | (30.67%) | (52%) | (72%) |
STN | 2 | 2.75 ± 1.77 | 0.25 ± 0.35 | 0.25 ± 0.35 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Mouth | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 8 | 3.19 ± 2.72 | 2.13 ± 2.10 | 1.75 ± 2.05 | 1.88 ± 2.3 | 2 ± 2.2 | 0.039 ¥ | 0.180 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | (39.58%) | (55.21%) | (64.58%) | (52.08%) |
STN | 3 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 2 ± 1 | 1.33 ± 1.53 | 1 ± 1.73 | 1 ± 1.73 | 0.317 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | NA | 0.411 & (16.67%) | 0.869 * (50%) | 0.911 & (66.67%) | 0.665 & |
Face (eyes and mouth) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 9 | 4.28 ± 2.53 | 2.89 ± 2.07 | 2.61 ± 1.96 | 2.78 ± 2.39 | 2.56 ± 2.46 | 0.013 ¥ | 0.285 ¥ | 0.681 # | 0.655 ¥ | (38.70%) | (42.05%) | (49.23%) | (52.93%) |
STN | 4 | 3.13 ± 2.02 | 1.63 ± 1.11 | 1.13 ± 1.31 | 0.75 ± 1.5 | 0.75 ± 1.5 | 0.297 # | 0.157 ¥ | 0.215 # | NA | 0.962 * (37.50%) | 0.634 * (54.17%) | 0.369 & (75%) | 0.416 & |
Speech and swallowing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 5 ± 4.72 | 4.2 ± 4 | 4.07 ± 3.83 | 3.93 ± 3.58 | 4.07 ± 4.08 | 0.167 ¥ | 0.854 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.785 ¥ | (20%) | (18.33%) | (21.11%) | (29.44%) |
STN | 5 | 5.2 ± 3.56 | 2.6 ± 1.34 | 2.20 ± 1.1 | 2.00 ± 1.22 | 2.00 ± 1.22 | 0.144 # | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | NA | 0.415 & (36.67%) | 0.348 & (41.11%) | 0.454 & (43.33%) | 0.786 & |
Neck | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 5.80 ± 2.21 | 4.87 ± 2.9 | 3.63 ± 2.91 | 3.5 ± 2.76 | 2.9 ± 2.61 | 0.066 ¥ | 0.016 ¥ | 0.715 ¥ | 0.131 ¥ | (20%) | (44.44%) | (45.28%) | (53.06%) |
STN | 11 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | 2.27 ± 1.74 | 1.73 ± 1.62 | 0.73 ± 0.79 | 0.91 ± 0.83 | 0.002 # | 0.063 ¥ | 0.026 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.013 & (50%) | 0.177 & (65.15%) | 0.028 & (82.58%) | 0.215 & (73.48%) |
Trunk | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 6 ± 4.27 | 4.35 ± 4.24 | 3.77 ± 4.28 | 3.9 ± 3.76 | 2.65 ± 3.32 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.228 ¥ | 0.892 ¥ | 0.039 ¥ | (29.74%) | (36.60%) | (39.05%) | (54.74%) |
STN | 12 | 8 ± 5.38 | 4.08 ± 2.39 | 2.25 ± 1.66 | 1.92 ± 1.68 | 2.08 ± 2.31 | 0.018 # | 0.002 # | 0.180 ¥ | 0.713 ¥ | 0.712 & (33.33%) | 0.087 & (60.42%) | 0.056 & (65.28%) | 0.713 ¥ (69.10%) |
Axial (neck and trunk) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 11.12 ± 6.08 | 8.65 ± 6.47 | 6.97 ± 6.17 | 6.97 ± 5.52 | 5.21 ± 5.04 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.039 ¥ | 0.438 ¥ | 0.075 ¥ | (25.04%) | (38.78%) | (40.93%) | (52.29%) |
STN | 12 | 12.25 ± 7.4 | 6.17 ± 3.66 | 3.83 ± 2.92 | 2.58 ± 2.02 | 2.92 ± 2.78 | 0.002 # | 0.001 # | 0.016 ¥ | 0.713 ¥ | 0.061 & (40.86%) | 0.105 & (60.15%) | 0.039 & (69.56%) | 0.296 & (68.08%) |
Arms | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 13.88 ± 7.94 | 8.85 ± 6.11 | 7.651 ± 5.92 | 8.5 ± 7.39 | 8.24 ± 7.44 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.072 ¥ | 0.726 ¥ | 0.436 ¥ | (29.49%) | (36.75%) | (34.21%) | (38.47%) |
STN | 11 | 17.36 ± 9.85 | 8.27 ± 5.55 | 4.64 ± 2.69 | 3.27 ± 2.61 | 4.18 ± 4.07 | 0.002 # | 0.011 ¥ | 0.027 ¥ | 0.414 ¥ | 0.123 & (45.99%) | 0.028 & (70.64%) | 0.001 & (80.66%) | 0.002 * (76.89%) |
Legs | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 16.5 ± 10.05 | 12.06 ± 8.65 | 10.88 ± 8.76 | 10.75 ± 8.19 | 10.63 ± 8.94 | 0.018 ¥ | 0.223 ¥ | 0.473 ¥ | 0.779 ¥ | (24.99%) | (33.88%) | (35.25%) | (40.88%) |
STN | 12 | 16.08 ± 9.06 | 10.08 ± 8.44 | 8.33 ± 8.44 | 7.33 ± 7.54 | 7.83 ± 7.95 | 0.001 # | 0.042 ¥ | 0.089 # | 0.593 ¥ | 0.101 & (41.95%) | 0.122 & (54.57%) | 0.065 & (59.15%) | 0.260 * (57.24%) |
Limbs (arms and legs) | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 29.41 ± 16.64 | 20.21 ± 14.14 | 17.88 ± 13.92 | 18.61 ± 14.61 | 18.24 ± 15.77 | 0.002 ¥ | 0.123 ¥ | 0.288 ¥ | 0.770 # | (28.99%) | (36.64%) | (36.39%) | (41.75%) |
STN | 12 | 32.17 ± 18.35 | 17.67 ± 13.08 | 12.58 ± 10.86 | 10.33 ± 9.55 | 11.67 ± 11.02 | 0.001 # | 0.012 ¥ | 0.015 # | 0.680 ¥ | 0.092 & (46.08%) | 0.073 & (60.29%) | 0.024 & (65.58%) | 0.057 & (63.38%) |
BFMDRS-D | p Value a | p Value (Mean Improvement %) b | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | Pre | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | 1 mo vs. Pre | 3 mo vs. 1 mo | 6 mo vs. 3 mo | 12 mo vs. 6 mo | 1 mo | 3 mo | 6 mo | 12 mo | |
Total | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 16.18 ± 5.74 | 12.24 ± 5.89 | 11.24 ± 6.43 | 11.41 ± 7.25 | 10.12 ± 7.19 | 0.002 ¥ | 0.082 ¥ | 0.670 ¥ | 0.227 ¥ | (24.46%) | (30.62%) | (30.73%) | (37.79%) |
STN | 12 | 17.33 ± 5.74 | 10.17 ± 4.88 | 7.08 ± 4.85 | 5.92 ± 4.98 | 6.50 ± 5.52 | 0.000 # | 0.000 # | 0.041 ¥ | 0.414 ¥ | 0.051 * (41.62%) | 0.009 * (59.73%) | 0.005 * (65.56%) | 0.05 * (63.08%) |
Speech | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 15 | 1.80 ± 1.08 | 1.47 ± 0.99 | 1.47 ± 1.06 | 1.60 ± 1.18 | 1.47 ± 1.25 | 0.059 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.458 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | (18.89%) | (17.22%) | (13.89%) | (23.89%) |
STN | 5 | 2.20 ± 1.10 | 1.40 ± 1.14 | 1 ± 1.22 | 1 ± 1.23 | 1 ± 1.22 | 0.099 # | 0.157 ¥ | NA | NA | 0.218 & (40%) | 0.151 & (53.33%) | 0.204 & (53.33%) | 0.05 * (53.33%) |
Writing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.29 ± 1.10 | 1.76 ± 0.97 | 1.65 ± 0.93 | 1.71 ± 0.99 | 1.71 ± 1.10 | 0.024 ¥ | 0.480 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 1 ¥ | (20.10%) | (15.20%) | (13.73%) | (5.88%) |
STN | 11 | 2.73 ± 1.10 | 1.45 ± 0.82 | 1 ± 1.22 | 0.91 ± 0.54 | 1 ± 0.63 | 0.00 ¥ | 0.025 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.03 & (46.21%) | 0.002 & (66.67%) | 0.001 & (68.94%) | 0.003 & (65.91%) |
Feeding | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 2.44 ± 1.36 | 1.50 ± 1.21 | 1.38 ± 1.26 | 1.44 ± 1.46 | 1.06 ± 1.12 | 0.017 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | (31.25%) | (39.06%) | (36.46%) | (47.92%) |
STN | 11 | 3.09 ± 0.94 | 1.45 ± 0.93 | 1 ± 0.89 | 0.73 ± 0.90 | 0.82 ± 0.98 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | 0.18 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.095 & (56.06%) | 0.114 & (67.42%) | 0.048 & (74.24%) | 0.174 & (71.97%) |
Eating and swallowing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 9 | 1.56 ± 0.88 | 1.00 ± 1.00 | 1.11 ± 0.93 | 1.22 ± 0.97 | 1.22 ± 0.97 | 0.059 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | NA | (41%) | (29.63%) | (25.93%) | (25.93%) |
STN | 5 | 1.20 ± 0.45 | 0.80 ± 0.44 | 0.80 ± 0.45 | 0.60 ± 0.55 | 0.80 ± 0.45 | 0.157 ¥ | NA | 0.317 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.708 & (30%) | 0.938 & (30%) | 0.693 & (40%) | 0.815 & (30%) |
Hygiene | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.71 ± 1.10 | 2.06 ± 1.14 | 1.82 ± 1.29 | 1.59 ± 1.33 | 1.29 ± 1.21 | 0.016 ¥ | 0.046 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.276 ¥ | (23.53%) | (31.37%) | (37.75%) | (45.10%) |
STN | 12 | 3.08 ± 0.90 | 1.92 ± 0.90 | 1.25 ± 0.97 | 0.92 ± 0.90 | 0.92 ± 1.08 | 0.001 # | 0.005 ¥ | 0.180 ¥ | 1 ¥ | 0.175 & (36.81%) | 0.033 & (61.11%) | 0.041 & (70.14%) | 0.1 & (72.22%) |
Dressing | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 17 | 2.59 ± 1.23 | 1.88 ± 1.32 | 1.59 ± 1.23 | 1.65 ± 1.41 | 1.35 ± 1.27 | 0.018 ¥ | 0.025 ¥ | 0.655 ¥ | 0.059 ¥ | (31.86%) | (39.71%) | (36.72%) | (48.53%) |
STN | 12 | 3.00 ± 1.04 | 1.58 ± 1.08 | 1 ± 1.04 | 0.67 ± 0.78 | 0.83 ± 1.03 | 0.003 ¥ | 0.008 ¥ | 0.102 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.173 & (51.39%) | 0.074 & (68.75%) | 0.031 & (77.78%) | 0.134 & (73.61%) |
Walking | ||||||||||||||
GPi | 16 | 4.31 ± 1.35 | 3.38 ± 1.67 | 3.13 ± 1.78 | 3 ± 1.71 | 2.69 ± 1.58 | 0.007 ¥ | 0.102 ¥ | 0.680 ¥ | 0.518 ¥ | (23.75%) | (30.52%) | (32.29%) | (35.63%) |
STN | 12 | 4.42 ± 1.31 | 3.08 ± 1.38 | 2.33 ± 1.56 | 2.17 ± 1.70 | 2.33 ± 1.78 | 0.003 # | 0.011 ¥ | 0.157 ¥ | 0.317 ¥ | 0.567 & (28.33) | 0.087 & (50.14%) | 0.099 # (53.47%) | 0.297 * (50.14%) |
GPi | STN | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Patients | 16 | 12 | ||||
SF-36 Subscale | Pre | 12 Month | p Value | Pre | 12 Month | p Value |
General health (range, 0–100) | 35 ± 12.78 | 56.69 ± 22.17 | 0.001 # | 27.92 ± 12.7 | 77.5 ± 24.07 | <0.001 # |
Physical function (range, 0–100) | 30.94 ± 23.40 | 59.69 ± 30.96 | 0.001 # | 18.7 ± 21.33 | 65 ± 36.49 | 0.002 ¥ |
Role—physical (range, 0–100) | 20.31 ± 24.53 | 54.69 ± 36.76 | 0.003 ¥ | 18.75 ± 11.31 | 58.33 ± 37.45 | 0.004 # |
Role—emotional (range, 0–100) | 27.08 ± 30.36 | 54.16 ± 36.27 | 0.007 # | 22.22 ± 32.83 | 75 ± 28.88 | <0.001 # |
Social function (range, 0–100) | 35.41 ± 26.69 | 54.33 ± 29.51 | 0.003 ¥ | 21.28 ± 18.61 | 67.58 ± 30.52 | <0.001 # |
Body pain (range, 0–100) | 56.69 ± 31.37 | 73.56 ± 28 | 0.008 ¥ | 50.17 ± 28.53 | 82.17 ± 23.33 | 0.002 # |
Vitality (range, 0–100) | 45.31 ± 23.63 | 61.88 ± 25.55 | 0.002 ¥ | 40 ± 24.77 | 85 ± 13.98 | <0.001 # |
Mental health (range, 0–100) | 39.75 ± 12.94 | 58 ± 23.87 | 0.002 # | 44 ± 11.44 | 73.67 ± 21.40 | <0.001 # |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wu, J.; Zhu, G.; Gan, Y.; Meng, F.; Yang, A.; Zhang, J. Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902
Wu J, Zhu G, Gan Y, Meng F, Yang A, Zhang J. Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jingchao, Guanyu Zhu, Yifei Gan, Fangang Meng, Anchao Yang, and Jianguo Zhang. 2024. "Pallidal Versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Isolated Dystonia: A Retrospective Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4902. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164902