Dynamic Repair Surgery for Late-Stage Facial Paralysis: Advances in Restoring Movement and Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pedicled Local Muscle Flap and Tendon Transfer
2.1.1. Masseter Muscle Flap
2.1.2. Temporalis Muscle Flap
2.2. Blood Vessel and Nerve-Based Free Muscle Flap Transplantation for Reconstruction
2.2.1. Gracilis Muscle Flap
2.2.2. Latissimus Dorsi Flap
2.2.3. Serratus Anterior Free Flap
2.2.4. Others
2.3. Combined Multi-Flap Surgery
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages | Spontaneous Movement Occurred Rate | Spontaneous Movement Occurred Time |
---|---|---|---|---|
Masseter Muscle Flap | High success rate; adjacent transfer without significant necrosis or denervation | Horizontal tension; jaw contour issues; lower excursion of the commissure upon smiling | / | / |
Temporalis Muscle Flap | Proximity to surgical site; no need for nerve coaptation | Temporal concavity; swelling over zygomatic arch; possible eye closure during chewing | / | / |
Gracilis Muscle Flap | Easy access for harvesting; minimal donor site impact; high success in spontaneous smiles | Need to lose a nerve across the face transplant; longer recovery | 85–95% | 5–6 months |
Latissimus Dorsi Flap | Stable and rich blood supply; concealed donor site | Potential facial edema due to thickness; shoulder and back pain affecting mobility | 85–90% | 7–9 months |
Serratus Anterior Free Flap | Flexibility in selecting skin paddle; ability to carry multiple muscle bundles | Inadequate lip elevation or cheek swelling; proximity of lip muscles may not achieve sufficient vector difference | 75–85% | 5–6 months |
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Sun, Q.; Li, X.; Zhu, Z.; Xiang, X.; Zhang, T. Dynamic Repair Surgery for Late-Stage Facial Paralysis: Advances in Restoring Movement and Function. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4955. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164955
Sun Q, Li X, Zhu Z, Xiang X, Zhang T. Dynamic Repair Surgery for Late-Stage Facial Paralysis: Advances in Restoring Movement and Function. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4955. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164955
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Qing, Xing Li, Zhihui Zhu, Xiting Xiang, and Tao Zhang. 2024. "Dynamic Repair Surgery for Late-Stage Facial Paralysis: Advances in Restoring Movement and Function" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4955. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164955