Skin Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis and Association with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Clinical Assessment
2.3. Macrovascular Assessment
2.4. Microvascular Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DM (n = 18) | Control (n = 22) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± S.D. | 58.6 ± 7.3 | 53.8 ± 8.2 | 0.097 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± S.D. | 30.1 ± 5.3 | 27.7 ± 5.6 | 0.186 |
Male sex, (%) | 50.0 | 45.5 | 0.775 |
Smoking yes, (%) | 44.4 | 36.4 | 0.604 |
Hypertension history, yes (%) | 77.8 | 31.8 | 0.004 |
Office SBP (mmHg), mean ± S.D. | 130.7 ± 18.9 | 127.1 ± 18.0 | 0.544 |
Office DBP (mmHg), mean ± S.D. | 81.3 ± 9.1 | 83.1 ± 11.6 | 0.592 |
Office HR (pulses/min), mean ± S.D. | 74.1 ± 8.2 | 68.9 ± 8.5 | 0.062 |
Glucose (mg/dL), mean ± S.D. | 130.1 ± 48.4 | 90.5 ± 6.2 | 0.005 |
HbA1c (%), mean ± S.D. | 6.5 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 0.003 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± S.D. | 187.2 ± 51.8 | 209.3 ± 41.8 | 0.154 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 128.0 (73) | 93.0 (44) | 0.096 |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± S.D. | 40.3 ± 10.7 | 48.0 ± 12.2 | 0.050 |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± S.D. | 116.8 ± 42.2 | 138.2 ± 37.8 | 0.109 |
DM (n = 18) | Control (n = 22) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Supine SBP (mmHg), mean ± S.D. | 130.8 ± 19.8 | 124.3 ± 20.4 | 0.405 |
Supine DBP (mmHg), mean ± S.D. | 80.8 ± 8.9 | 79.6 ± 13.2 | 0.773 |
Baseline flux (PU), mean ± S.D. | 41.8 ± 12.6 | 38.5 ± 8.3 | 0.328 |
Baseline to occlusion change (%), median (IQR) | −81.0 ± 6.3 | −80.1 ± 9.7 | 0.728 |
Peak flux (PU), mean ± S.D. | 99.7 ± 29.4 | 110.4 ± 25.3 | 0.224 |
Peak magnitude (%), mean ± S.D. | 147.0 ± 64.7 | 189.4 ± 46.0 | 0.021 |
IMT (mm), mean ± S.D. | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.006 |
Variables | Beta | p Value |
---|---|---|
Model 1, Adjusted R2 = 0.263 | ||
Age (years) | 0.076 | 0.742 |
Office SBP (mmHg) | −0.334 | 0.038 |
Glucose levels (mg/dL) | −0.380 | 0.019 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.076 | 0.369 |
Lipid-lowering drug use | −0.190 | 0.278 |
Antihypertensive drug use | 0.218 | 0.340 |
IMT (mm) | −0.146 | 0.573 |
Model 2, Adjusted R2 = 0.263 | ||
Age (years) | 0.076 | 0.745 |
Office SBP (mmHg) | −0.334 | 0.038 |
Glucose levels (mg/dL) | −0.380 | 0.019 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.083 | 0.698 |
Lipid-lowering drug use | −0.213 | 0.277 |
Antihypertensive drug use | 0.210 | 0.371 |
IMT (mm) | −0.125 | 0.648 |
DM history | 0.069 | 0.775 |
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Lamprou, S.; Koletsos, N.; Zografou, I.; Lazaridis, A.; Mintziori, G.; Trakatelli, C.M.; Kotsis, V.; Gkaliagkousi, E.; Doumas, M.; Triantafyllou, A. Skin Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis and Association with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164957
Lamprou S, Koletsos N, Zografou I, Lazaridis A, Mintziori G, Trakatelli CM, Kotsis V, Gkaliagkousi E, Doumas M, Triantafyllou A. Skin Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis and Association with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164957
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamprou, Stamatina, Nikolaos Koletsos, Ioanna Zografou, Antonios Lazaridis, Gesthimani Mintziori, Christina Maria Trakatelli, Vasilios Kotsis, Eugenia Gkaliagkousi, Michael Doumas, and Areti Triantafyllou. 2024. "Skin Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis and Association with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164957